<\/p>\n\n\n\n\nDebunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time<\/h1>\n<\/hgroup>\nVidya Krishnan<\/span><\/a>\u00a01,<\/sup>\u2709<\/sup>,\u00a0Karin G Johnson<\/span><\/a>\u00a02<\/sup><\/div>\n\nAuthor information<\/button><\/li>\nArticle notes<\/button><\/li>\nCopyright and License information<\/button><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\nPMCID: PMC10476036\u00a0\u00a0PMID:\u00a037218211<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\nState and federal governments are actively debating bills to replace clock change with either permanent daylight saving time (pDST) or permanent standard time (pST). In March 2022 the American Academy of Sleep Medicine updated its position on pST to clarify that pDST would be worse than continuing with seasonal DST. The medical community needs to understand the health and societal implications and get involved in advocacy to urge state and federal legislators to support pST. Here are 10 things everyone should know about DST.<\/p>\n\n<\/a>BIANNUAL TIME CHANGE IS UNPOPULAR<\/h2>\nApproximately 75% of Americans favor ending the twice-yearly switch to and from DST.1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Adverse outcomes in the days and weeks after the \u201cspring forward\u201d change to DST include reduced sleep duration (15\u201330\u2009minutes\/day) and increases in heart attacks, strokes, atrial fibrillation, depression episodes, missed medical appointments, and motor vehicle crashes.1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>2<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Students\u2019 and athletes\u2019 performance worsens and stock market variability increases. Minimal adverse effects are seen after the \u201cfall back\u201d change back to ST, which is more aligned with our circadian rhythm.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>STANDARD TIME BEST ALIGNS WITH CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS<\/h2>\nAlthough some may enjoy DST for the increased evening sunlight, later sunrises and sunsets are not aligned with our natural circadian rhythm. During ST, the sun is overhead closer to noon. Later clock times for sunrises and sunsets during DST delay circadian rhythms, which can make falling asleep more difficult, whereas wake-up time, as determined by social schedule, shifts an hour earlier compared to sun time.3<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0The negative effects of DST on sleep persist beyond the transitional days because circadian rhythms remain essentially aligned to solar time despite the new clock time. People may perceive these changes as problems with insomnia or sleep deprivation. These difficulties are actually due to circadian rhythm disturbances, by increasing social jet lag (difference in sleep times between free and work\/school days) and shifting the midpoint of sleep later on free days.4<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>BEWARE OF CONCLUSIONS THAT SHORT-TERM EFFECTS MEAN pDST IS BETTER<\/h2>\nStudies of clock change transitions are not designed to look at the year-round, long-term effects of pDST. Thus, they should not be used to support a position that pDST is better than seasonal clock change. For example, the assertions that pDST would be better for crime, mood, and activity levels (and thus health) are based on short-term transition studies.5<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nInstead, studies that best inform the choice between pDST and pST provide information on long-term effects of temporal misalignment. These include (1) position within time zone studies, (2) natural experiments in locations that have changed time policies, and (3) data from populations with delayed circadian rhythms, including evening chronotype and social jet lag.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF DST PERSIST BEYOND THE CLOCK CHANGE<\/h2>\nLater sunrises and sunsets, as seen with pDST, are associated with multiple long-term health outcomes including increases in stroke, heart attacks, diabetes, obesity, and cancer.8<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>10<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nThe increase in obesity and other cardiovascular health problems show that even if DST were to encourage exercise in some individuals it is not enough to outweigh the effects of sleep and circadian disruption on food choices, metabolism, hunger hormones, and glucose control and other cardiovascular risk factors.11<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST WOULD WORSEN SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER<\/h2>\nIn the winter, DST would delay sunrises to after 8\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0for 2\u20134 months in the United States, with some locations only seeing sun after 9:30\u00a0am<\/span>. Morning light is critical for resetting the body clock to the 24-hour day.<\/p>\nA Russian study evaluated a 7-year period comparing seasonal DST to pDST and pST.13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0The study found the highest rates of seasonal depression in adolescents during pDST and lowest rates during pST. This aligns with known genetics of depression and effects of light therapy on mental health disorders that benefit from morning light and can worsen with evening light.14<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF pDST ARE LIKELY WORSE THAN THOSE OF pST (AND EVEN WORSE THAN THE STATUS QUO)<\/h2>\nAround the days of clock transition, DST has been found to boost retail spending because there is more evening light. A JPMorgan study found that DST was also associated with a relative increase in credit card spending, including higher utility and gasoline bills and health care spending.15<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Although DST may save light energy it increases heating and cooling costs.16<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nIn terms of the overall workforce and productivity, the sleep and circadian rhythm disruption from pDST would negatively affect many outcomes related to performance and safety, including alertness, reaction time, procrastination, learning and memory, judgment, communication, creativity, and multitasking, and workplace injuries.2<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>19<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Circadian misalignment consistent with pDST is associated with losses in productivity, missed workdays, and lower average salaries.8<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF CIRCADIAN MISALIGNMENT ON SAFETY AND CRIME RATES DURING pDST OUTWEIGH ANY POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF EVENING LIGHT EXPOSURE<\/h2>\nOne example of this misconception is the argument that pDST would be the safest option because evening light would reduce motor vehicle crashes. Some short-term data suggest that around clock change later sunsets decrease the number of evening commute-time motor vehicle crashes. A 2022 study, however, demonstrated people living in locations with at least 30-minute later sunrises and sunsets than at the time zone meridian have a 21.8% higher motor vehicle crash\u2013related fatality rate.20<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0This suggests that long-term effects on drowsy driving and other risky driving behaviors as well as the longer total commute time in the dark make pDST less favorable.<\/p>\nData from studies comparing early and late school start time support how social policy changes that result in small improvements of sleep and circadian alignment can reduce crime and delinquency. Additionally, negative impacts from year-round circadian misalignment on factors such as sleep deprivation, judgment, and risk-taking behaviors may increase criminal behavior and substance abuse.2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST DOES NOT AFFECT THE POPULATION EQUALLY, LEADING TO STRUCTURAL DISPARITIES<\/h2>\nTeenagers and young adults are particularly susceptible to delayed clock times and are most likely to experience sleep loss and social jet lag with DST.4<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Additionally, early work or school start times and\/or chronic sleep loss result in greater risk of sleep disruption (Table 1<\/strong><\/a>)8<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and are more likely in minorities and people with lower socioeconomic status.21<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\nTable 1.<\/h3>\n\nFactors affecting sleep loss with 1-hour-later sunrises and sunsets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\nSocial Factors<\/th>\nAverage Daily Sleep Loss<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nEmployed adults<\/td>\n19\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts before 7\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n36\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nParents of children with school start time before 8\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n27\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts after 8:30\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0without children<\/td>\nNo loss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\nOne example of these disparities was found in a 10-year study of standardized college entrance exam scores comparing students who resided in parts of Indiana on pST vs seasonal DST.22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Lower average test scores were found in the DST locations and lowest-income students were disproportionately affected (49 points lower in students from households with lowest income compared to 8 points lower in highest-income households).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST HAS BEEN TRIED BEFORE AND QUICKLY BECOMES UNPOPULAR<\/h2>\nThe United States tried pDST twice before, most recently in 1974, which ended early because it was unpopular. The observation of increased deaths of school children at dark morning bus stops is cited as a reason for ending the practice. Similar unpopularity occurred when Russia adopted pDST from 2011 to 2014, eventually reverting to pST. Notably, 60% of countries follow pST (Figure 1<\/strong><\/a>).<\/p>\n\nFigure 1. Only 40% of countries use seasonal daylight saving time (in blue).<\/h3>\n<\/a><\/p>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>ADVOCACY IS NEEDED NOW<\/h2>\nThe Sunshine Protection Act, which proposes federal pDST, passed the US Senate in 2022 but failed to pass the House. It has subsequently been refiled in the Senate in 2023. pST is already federally approved, but we need a federal bill to ensure public health and safety by applying pST as a standard across the United States. Although a federal bill would be best to coordinate times nationally, state bills, even if dependent on passage of bills in neighboring states, are needed to show that people want pST, given that 19 states have already passed bills that would allow for pDST.<\/p>\nThe Society for Research in Biological Rhythms,4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Academy of Sleep Medicine,23<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Sleep Research Society,1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Medical Association,25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and American Academy of Neurology are some of the many medical and research societies that have endorsed pST.<\/p>\nWe urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
State and federal governments are actively debating bills to replace clock change with either permanent daylight saving time (pDST) or permanent standard time (pST). In March 2022 the American Academy of Sleep Medicine updated its position on pST to clarify that pDST would be worse than continuing with seasonal DST. The medical community needs to understand the health and societal implications and get involved in advocacy to urge state and federal legislators to support pST. Here are 10 things everyone should know about DST.<\/p>\n\n<\/a>BIANNUAL TIME CHANGE IS UNPOPULAR<\/h2>\nApproximately 75% of Americans favor ending the twice-yearly switch to and from DST.1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Adverse outcomes in the days and weeks after the \u201cspring forward\u201d change to DST include reduced sleep duration (15\u201330\u2009minutes\/day) and increases in heart attacks, strokes, atrial fibrillation, depression episodes, missed medical appointments, and motor vehicle crashes.1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>2<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Students\u2019 and athletes\u2019 performance worsens and stock market variability increases. Minimal adverse effects are seen after the \u201cfall back\u201d change back to ST, which is more aligned with our circadian rhythm.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>STANDARD TIME BEST ALIGNS WITH CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS<\/h2>\nAlthough some may enjoy DST for the increased evening sunlight, later sunrises and sunsets are not aligned with our natural circadian rhythm. During ST, the sun is overhead closer to noon. Later clock times for sunrises and sunsets during DST delay circadian rhythms, which can make falling asleep more difficult, whereas wake-up time, as determined by social schedule, shifts an hour earlier compared to sun time.3<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0The negative effects of DST on sleep persist beyond the transitional days because circadian rhythms remain essentially aligned to solar time despite the new clock time. People may perceive these changes as problems with insomnia or sleep deprivation. These difficulties are actually due to circadian rhythm disturbances, by increasing social jet lag (difference in sleep times between free and work\/school days) and shifting the midpoint of sleep later on free days.4<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>BEWARE OF CONCLUSIONS THAT SHORT-TERM EFFECTS MEAN pDST IS BETTER<\/h2>\nStudies of clock change transitions are not designed to look at the year-round, long-term effects of pDST. Thus, they should not be used to support a position that pDST is better than seasonal clock change. For example, the assertions that pDST would be better for crime, mood, and activity levels (and thus health) are based on short-term transition studies.5<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nInstead, studies that best inform the choice between pDST and pST provide information on long-term effects of temporal misalignment. These include (1) position within time zone studies, (2) natural experiments in locations that have changed time policies, and (3) data from populations with delayed circadian rhythms, including evening chronotype and social jet lag.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF DST PERSIST BEYOND THE CLOCK CHANGE<\/h2>\nLater sunrises and sunsets, as seen with pDST, are associated with multiple long-term health outcomes including increases in stroke, heart attacks, diabetes, obesity, and cancer.8<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>10<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nThe increase in obesity and other cardiovascular health problems show that even if DST were to encourage exercise in some individuals it is not enough to outweigh the effects of sleep and circadian disruption on food choices, metabolism, hunger hormones, and glucose control and other cardiovascular risk factors.11<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST WOULD WORSEN SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER<\/h2>\nIn the winter, DST would delay sunrises to after 8\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0for 2\u20134 months in the United States, with some locations only seeing sun after 9:30\u00a0am<\/span>. Morning light is critical for resetting the body clock to the 24-hour day.<\/p>\nA Russian study evaluated a 7-year period comparing seasonal DST to pDST and pST.13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0The study found the highest rates of seasonal depression in adolescents during pDST and lowest rates during pST. This aligns with known genetics of depression and effects of light therapy on mental health disorders that benefit from morning light and can worsen with evening light.14<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF pDST ARE LIKELY WORSE THAN THOSE OF pST (AND EVEN WORSE THAN THE STATUS QUO)<\/h2>\nAround the days of clock transition, DST has been found to boost retail spending because there is more evening light. A JPMorgan study found that DST was also associated with a relative increase in credit card spending, including higher utility and gasoline bills and health care spending.15<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Although DST may save light energy it increases heating and cooling costs.16<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nIn terms of the overall workforce and productivity, the sleep and circadian rhythm disruption from pDST would negatively affect many outcomes related to performance and safety, including alertness, reaction time, procrastination, learning and memory, judgment, communication, creativity, and multitasking, and workplace injuries.2<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>19<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Circadian misalignment consistent with pDST is associated with losses in productivity, missed workdays, and lower average salaries.8<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF CIRCADIAN MISALIGNMENT ON SAFETY AND CRIME RATES DURING pDST OUTWEIGH ANY POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF EVENING LIGHT EXPOSURE<\/h2>\nOne example of this misconception is the argument that pDST would be the safest option because evening light would reduce motor vehicle crashes. Some short-term data suggest that around clock change later sunsets decrease the number of evening commute-time motor vehicle crashes. A 2022 study, however, demonstrated people living in locations with at least 30-minute later sunrises and sunsets than at the time zone meridian have a 21.8% higher motor vehicle crash\u2013related fatality rate.20<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0This suggests that long-term effects on drowsy driving and other risky driving behaviors as well as the longer total commute time in the dark make pDST less favorable.<\/p>\nData from studies comparing early and late school start time support how social policy changes that result in small improvements of sleep and circadian alignment can reduce crime and delinquency. Additionally, negative impacts from year-round circadian misalignment on factors such as sleep deprivation, judgment, and risk-taking behaviors may increase criminal behavior and substance abuse.2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST DOES NOT AFFECT THE POPULATION EQUALLY, LEADING TO STRUCTURAL DISPARITIES<\/h2>\nTeenagers and young adults are particularly susceptible to delayed clock times and are most likely to experience sleep loss and social jet lag with DST.4<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Additionally, early work or school start times and\/or chronic sleep loss result in greater risk of sleep disruption (Table 1<\/strong><\/a>)8<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and are more likely in minorities and people with lower socioeconomic status.21<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\nTable 1.<\/h3>\n\nFactors affecting sleep loss with 1-hour-later sunrises and sunsets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\nSocial Factors<\/th>\nAverage Daily Sleep Loss<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nEmployed adults<\/td>\n19\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts before 7\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n36\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nParents of children with school start time before 8\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n27\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts after 8:30\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0without children<\/td>\nNo loss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\nOne example of these disparities was found in a 10-year study of standardized college entrance exam scores comparing students who resided in parts of Indiana on pST vs seasonal DST.22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Lower average test scores were found in the DST locations and lowest-income students were disproportionately affected (49 points lower in students from households with lowest income compared to 8 points lower in highest-income households).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST HAS BEEN TRIED BEFORE AND QUICKLY BECOMES UNPOPULAR<\/h2>\nThe United States tried pDST twice before, most recently in 1974, which ended early because it was unpopular. The observation of increased deaths of school children at dark morning bus stops is cited as a reason for ending the practice. Similar unpopularity occurred when Russia adopted pDST from 2011 to 2014, eventually reverting to pST. Notably, 60% of countries follow pST (Figure 1<\/strong><\/a>).<\/p>\n\nFigure 1. Only 40% of countries use seasonal daylight saving time (in blue).<\/h3>\n<\/a><\/p>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>ADVOCACY IS NEEDED NOW<\/h2>\nThe Sunshine Protection Act, which proposes federal pDST, passed the US Senate in 2022 but failed to pass the House. It has subsequently been refiled in the Senate in 2023. pST is already federally approved, but we need a federal bill to ensure public health and safety by applying pST as a standard across the United States. Although a federal bill would be best to coordinate times nationally, state bills, even if dependent on passage of bills in neighboring states, are needed to show that people want pST, given that 19 states have already passed bills that would allow for pDST.<\/p>\nThe Society for Research in Biological Rhythms,4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Academy of Sleep Medicine,23<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Sleep Research Society,1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Medical Association,25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and American Academy of Neurology are some of the many medical and research societies that have endorsed pST.<\/p>\nWe urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
Approximately 75% of Americans favor ending the twice-yearly switch to and from DST.1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Adverse outcomes in the days and weeks after the \u201cspring forward\u201d change to DST include reduced sleep duration (15\u201330\u2009minutes\/day) and increases in heart attacks, strokes, atrial fibrillation, depression episodes, missed medical appointments, and motor vehicle crashes.1<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>2<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Students\u2019 and athletes\u2019 performance worsens and stock market variability increases. Minimal adverse effects are seen after the \u201cfall back\u201d change back to ST, which is more aligned with our circadian rhythm.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>STANDARD TIME BEST ALIGNS WITH CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS<\/h2>\nAlthough some may enjoy DST for the increased evening sunlight, later sunrises and sunsets are not aligned with our natural circadian rhythm. During ST, the sun is overhead closer to noon. Later clock times for sunrises and sunsets during DST delay circadian rhythms, which can make falling asleep more difficult, whereas wake-up time, as determined by social schedule, shifts an hour earlier compared to sun time.3<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0The negative effects of DST on sleep persist beyond the transitional days because circadian rhythms remain essentially aligned to solar time despite the new clock time. People may perceive these changes as problems with insomnia or sleep deprivation. These difficulties are actually due to circadian rhythm disturbances, by increasing social jet lag (difference in sleep times between free and work\/school days) and shifting the midpoint of sleep later on free days.4<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>BEWARE OF CONCLUSIONS THAT SHORT-TERM EFFECTS MEAN pDST IS BETTER<\/h2>\nStudies of clock change transitions are not designed to look at the year-round, long-term effects of pDST. Thus, they should not be used to support a position that pDST is better than seasonal clock change. For example, the assertions that pDST would be better for crime, mood, and activity levels (and thus health) are based on short-term transition studies.5<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nInstead, studies that best inform the choice between pDST and pST provide information on long-term effects of temporal misalignment. These include (1) position within time zone studies, (2) natural experiments in locations that have changed time policies, and (3) data from populations with delayed circadian rhythms, including evening chronotype and social jet lag.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF DST PERSIST BEYOND THE CLOCK CHANGE<\/h2>\nLater sunrises and sunsets, as seen with pDST, are associated with multiple long-term health outcomes including increases in stroke, heart attacks, diabetes, obesity, and cancer.8<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>10<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nThe increase in obesity and other cardiovascular health problems show that even if DST were to encourage exercise in some individuals it is not enough to outweigh the effects of sleep and circadian disruption on food choices, metabolism, hunger hormones, and glucose control and other cardiovascular risk factors.11<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST WOULD WORSEN SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER<\/h2>\nIn the winter, DST would delay sunrises to after 8\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0for 2\u20134 months in the United States, with some locations only seeing sun after 9:30\u00a0am<\/span>. Morning light is critical for resetting the body clock to the 24-hour day.<\/p>\nA Russian study evaluated a 7-year period comparing seasonal DST to pDST and pST.13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0The study found the highest rates of seasonal depression in adolescents during pDST and lowest rates during pST. This aligns with known genetics of depression and effects of light therapy on mental health disorders that benefit from morning light and can worsen with evening light.14<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF pDST ARE LIKELY WORSE THAN THOSE OF pST (AND EVEN WORSE THAN THE STATUS QUO)<\/h2>\nAround the days of clock transition, DST has been found to boost retail spending because there is more evening light. A JPMorgan study found that DST was also associated with a relative increase in credit card spending, including higher utility and gasoline bills and health care spending.15<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Although DST may save light energy it increases heating and cooling costs.16<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nIn terms of the overall workforce and productivity, the sleep and circadian rhythm disruption from pDST would negatively affect many outcomes related to performance and safety, including alertness, reaction time, procrastination, learning and memory, judgment, communication, creativity, and multitasking, and workplace injuries.2<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>19<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Circadian misalignment consistent with pDST is associated with losses in productivity, missed workdays, and lower average salaries.8<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF CIRCADIAN MISALIGNMENT ON SAFETY AND CRIME RATES DURING pDST OUTWEIGH ANY POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF EVENING LIGHT EXPOSURE<\/h2>\nOne example of this misconception is the argument that pDST would be the safest option because evening light would reduce motor vehicle crashes. Some short-term data suggest that around clock change later sunsets decrease the number of evening commute-time motor vehicle crashes. A 2022 study, however, demonstrated people living in locations with at least 30-minute later sunrises and sunsets than at the time zone meridian have a 21.8% higher motor vehicle crash\u2013related fatality rate.20<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0This suggests that long-term effects on drowsy driving and other risky driving behaviors as well as the longer total commute time in the dark make pDST less favorable.<\/p>\nData from studies comparing early and late school start time support how social policy changes that result in small improvements of sleep and circadian alignment can reduce crime and delinquency. Additionally, negative impacts from year-round circadian misalignment on factors such as sleep deprivation, judgment, and risk-taking behaviors may increase criminal behavior and substance abuse.2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST DOES NOT AFFECT THE POPULATION EQUALLY, LEADING TO STRUCTURAL DISPARITIES<\/h2>\nTeenagers and young adults are particularly susceptible to delayed clock times and are most likely to experience sleep loss and social jet lag with DST.4<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Additionally, early work or school start times and\/or chronic sleep loss result in greater risk of sleep disruption (Table 1<\/strong><\/a>)8<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and are more likely in minorities and people with lower socioeconomic status.21<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\nTable 1.<\/h3>\n\nFactors affecting sleep loss with 1-hour-later sunrises and sunsets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\nSocial Factors<\/th>\nAverage Daily Sleep Loss<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nEmployed adults<\/td>\n19\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts before 7\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n36\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nParents of children with school start time before 8\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n27\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts after 8:30\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0without children<\/td>\nNo loss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\nOne example of these disparities was found in a 10-year study of standardized college entrance exam scores comparing students who resided in parts of Indiana on pST vs seasonal DST.22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Lower average test scores were found in the DST locations and lowest-income students were disproportionately affected (49 points lower in students from households with lowest income compared to 8 points lower in highest-income households).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST HAS BEEN TRIED BEFORE AND QUICKLY BECOMES UNPOPULAR<\/h2>\nThe United States tried pDST twice before, most recently in 1974, which ended early because it was unpopular. The observation of increased deaths of school children at dark morning bus stops is cited as a reason for ending the practice. Similar unpopularity occurred when Russia adopted pDST from 2011 to 2014, eventually reverting to pST. Notably, 60% of countries follow pST (Figure 1<\/strong><\/a>).<\/p>\n\nFigure 1. Only 40% of countries use seasonal daylight saving time (in blue).<\/h3>\n<\/a><\/p>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>ADVOCACY IS NEEDED NOW<\/h2>\nThe Sunshine Protection Act, which proposes federal pDST, passed the US Senate in 2022 but failed to pass the House. It has subsequently been refiled in the Senate in 2023. pST is already federally approved, but we need a federal bill to ensure public health and safety by applying pST as a standard across the United States. Although a federal bill would be best to coordinate times nationally, state bills, even if dependent on passage of bills in neighboring states, are needed to show that people want pST, given that 19 states have already passed bills that would allow for pDST.<\/p>\nThe Society for Research in Biological Rhythms,4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Academy of Sleep Medicine,23<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Sleep Research Society,1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Medical Association,25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and American Academy of Neurology are some of the many medical and research societies that have endorsed pST.<\/p>\nWe urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
Although some may enjoy DST for the increased evening sunlight, later sunrises and sunsets are not aligned with our natural circadian rhythm. During ST, the sun is overhead closer to noon. Later clock times for sunrises and sunsets during DST delay circadian rhythms, which can make falling asleep more difficult, whereas wake-up time, as determined by social schedule, shifts an hour earlier compared to sun time.3<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0The negative effects of DST on sleep persist beyond the transitional days because circadian rhythms remain essentially aligned to solar time despite the new clock time. People may perceive these changes as problems with insomnia or sleep deprivation. These difficulties are actually due to circadian rhythm disturbances, by increasing social jet lag (difference in sleep times between free and work\/school days) and shifting the midpoint of sleep later on free days.4<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>BEWARE OF CONCLUSIONS THAT SHORT-TERM EFFECTS MEAN pDST IS BETTER<\/h2>\nStudies of clock change transitions are not designed to look at the year-round, long-term effects of pDST. Thus, they should not be used to support a position that pDST is better than seasonal clock change. For example, the assertions that pDST would be better for crime, mood, and activity levels (and thus health) are based on short-term transition studies.5<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nInstead, studies that best inform the choice between pDST and pST provide information on long-term effects of temporal misalignment. These include (1) position within time zone studies, (2) natural experiments in locations that have changed time policies, and (3) data from populations with delayed circadian rhythms, including evening chronotype and social jet lag.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF DST PERSIST BEYOND THE CLOCK CHANGE<\/h2>\nLater sunrises and sunsets, as seen with pDST, are associated with multiple long-term health outcomes including increases in stroke, heart attacks, diabetes, obesity, and cancer.8<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>10<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nThe increase in obesity and other cardiovascular health problems show that even if DST were to encourage exercise in some individuals it is not enough to outweigh the effects of sleep and circadian disruption on food choices, metabolism, hunger hormones, and glucose control and other cardiovascular risk factors.11<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST WOULD WORSEN SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER<\/h2>\nIn the winter, DST would delay sunrises to after 8\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0for 2\u20134 months in the United States, with some locations only seeing sun after 9:30\u00a0am<\/span>. Morning light is critical for resetting the body clock to the 24-hour day.<\/p>\nA Russian study evaluated a 7-year period comparing seasonal DST to pDST and pST.13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0The study found the highest rates of seasonal depression in adolescents during pDST and lowest rates during pST. This aligns with known genetics of depression and effects of light therapy on mental health disorders that benefit from morning light and can worsen with evening light.14<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF pDST ARE LIKELY WORSE THAN THOSE OF pST (AND EVEN WORSE THAN THE STATUS QUO)<\/h2>\nAround the days of clock transition, DST has been found to boost retail spending because there is more evening light. A JPMorgan study found that DST was also associated with a relative increase in credit card spending, including higher utility and gasoline bills and health care spending.15<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Although DST may save light energy it increases heating and cooling costs.16<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nIn terms of the overall workforce and productivity, the sleep and circadian rhythm disruption from pDST would negatively affect many outcomes related to performance and safety, including alertness, reaction time, procrastination, learning and memory, judgment, communication, creativity, and multitasking, and workplace injuries.2<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>19<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Circadian misalignment consistent with pDST is associated with losses in productivity, missed workdays, and lower average salaries.8<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF CIRCADIAN MISALIGNMENT ON SAFETY AND CRIME RATES DURING pDST OUTWEIGH ANY POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF EVENING LIGHT EXPOSURE<\/h2>\nOne example of this misconception is the argument that pDST would be the safest option because evening light would reduce motor vehicle crashes. Some short-term data suggest that around clock change later sunsets decrease the number of evening commute-time motor vehicle crashes. A 2022 study, however, demonstrated people living in locations with at least 30-minute later sunrises and sunsets than at the time zone meridian have a 21.8% higher motor vehicle crash\u2013related fatality rate.20<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0This suggests that long-term effects on drowsy driving and other risky driving behaviors as well as the longer total commute time in the dark make pDST less favorable.<\/p>\nData from studies comparing early and late school start time support how social policy changes that result in small improvements of sleep and circadian alignment can reduce crime and delinquency. Additionally, negative impacts from year-round circadian misalignment on factors such as sleep deprivation, judgment, and risk-taking behaviors may increase criminal behavior and substance abuse.2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST DOES NOT AFFECT THE POPULATION EQUALLY, LEADING TO STRUCTURAL DISPARITIES<\/h2>\nTeenagers and young adults are particularly susceptible to delayed clock times and are most likely to experience sleep loss and social jet lag with DST.4<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Additionally, early work or school start times and\/or chronic sleep loss result in greater risk of sleep disruption (Table 1<\/strong><\/a>)8<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and are more likely in minorities and people with lower socioeconomic status.21<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\nTable 1.<\/h3>\n\nFactors affecting sleep loss with 1-hour-later sunrises and sunsets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\nSocial Factors<\/th>\nAverage Daily Sleep Loss<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nEmployed adults<\/td>\n19\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts before 7\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n36\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nParents of children with school start time before 8\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n27\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts after 8:30\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0without children<\/td>\nNo loss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\nOne example of these disparities was found in a 10-year study of standardized college entrance exam scores comparing students who resided in parts of Indiana on pST vs seasonal DST.22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Lower average test scores were found in the DST locations and lowest-income students were disproportionately affected (49 points lower in students from households with lowest income compared to 8 points lower in highest-income households).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST HAS BEEN TRIED BEFORE AND QUICKLY BECOMES UNPOPULAR<\/h2>\nThe United States tried pDST twice before, most recently in 1974, which ended early because it was unpopular. The observation of increased deaths of school children at dark morning bus stops is cited as a reason for ending the practice. Similar unpopularity occurred when Russia adopted pDST from 2011 to 2014, eventually reverting to pST. Notably, 60% of countries follow pST (Figure 1<\/strong><\/a>).<\/p>\n\nFigure 1. Only 40% of countries use seasonal daylight saving time (in blue).<\/h3>\n<\/a><\/p>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>ADVOCACY IS NEEDED NOW<\/h2>\nThe Sunshine Protection Act, which proposes federal pDST, passed the US Senate in 2022 but failed to pass the House. It has subsequently been refiled in the Senate in 2023. pST is already federally approved, but we need a federal bill to ensure public health and safety by applying pST as a standard across the United States. Although a federal bill would be best to coordinate times nationally, state bills, even if dependent on passage of bills in neighboring states, are needed to show that people want pST, given that 19 states have already passed bills that would allow for pDST.<\/p>\nThe Society for Research in Biological Rhythms,4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Academy of Sleep Medicine,23<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Sleep Research Society,1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Medical Association,25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and American Academy of Neurology are some of the many medical and research societies that have endorsed pST.<\/p>\nWe urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
Studies of clock change transitions are not designed to look at the year-round, long-term effects of pDST. Thus, they should not be used to support a position that pDST is better than seasonal clock change. For example, the assertions that pDST would be better for crime, mood, and activity levels (and thus health) are based on short-term transition studies.5<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nInstead, studies that best inform the choice between pDST and pST provide information on long-term effects of temporal misalignment. These include (1) position within time zone studies, (2) natural experiments in locations that have changed time policies, and (3) data from populations with delayed circadian rhythms, including evening chronotype and social jet lag.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF DST PERSIST BEYOND THE CLOCK CHANGE<\/h2>\nLater sunrises and sunsets, as seen with pDST, are associated with multiple long-term health outcomes including increases in stroke, heart attacks, diabetes, obesity, and cancer.8<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>10<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nThe increase in obesity and other cardiovascular health problems show that even if DST were to encourage exercise in some individuals it is not enough to outweigh the effects of sleep and circadian disruption on food choices, metabolism, hunger hormones, and glucose control and other cardiovascular risk factors.11<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST WOULD WORSEN SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER<\/h2>\nIn the winter, DST would delay sunrises to after 8\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0for 2\u20134 months in the United States, with some locations only seeing sun after 9:30\u00a0am<\/span>. Morning light is critical for resetting the body clock to the 24-hour day.<\/p>\nA Russian study evaluated a 7-year period comparing seasonal DST to pDST and pST.13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0The study found the highest rates of seasonal depression in adolescents during pDST and lowest rates during pST. This aligns with known genetics of depression and effects of light therapy on mental health disorders that benefit from morning light and can worsen with evening light.14<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF pDST ARE LIKELY WORSE THAN THOSE OF pST (AND EVEN WORSE THAN THE STATUS QUO)<\/h2>\nAround the days of clock transition, DST has been found to boost retail spending because there is more evening light. A JPMorgan study found that DST was also associated with a relative increase in credit card spending, including higher utility and gasoline bills and health care spending.15<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Although DST may save light energy it increases heating and cooling costs.16<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nIn terms of the overall workforce and productivity, the sleep and circadian rhythm disruption from pDST would negatively affect many outcomes related to performance and safety, including alertness, reaction time, procrastination, learning and memory, judgment, communication, creativity, and multitasking, and workplace injuries.2<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>19<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Circadian misalignment consistent with pDST is associated with losses in productivity, missed workdays, and lower average salaries.8<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF CIRCADIAN MISALIGNMENT ON SAFETY AND CRIME RATES DURING pDST OUTWEIGH ANY POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF EVENING LIGHT EXPOSURE<\/h2>\nOne example of this misconception is the argument that pDST would be the safest option because evening light would reduce motor vehicle crashes. Some short-term data suggest that around clock change later sunsets decrease the number of evening commute-time motor vehicle crashes. A 2022 study, however, demonstrated people living in locations with at least 30-minute later sunrises and sunsets than at the time zone meridian have a 21.8% higher motor vehicle crash\u2013related fatality rate.20<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0This suggests that long-term effects on drowsy driving and other risky driving behaviors as well as the longer total commute time in the dark make pDST less favorable.<\/p>\nData from studies comparing early and late school start time support how social policy changes that result in small improvements of sleep and circadian alignment can reduce crime and delinquency. Additionally, negative impacts from year-round circadian misalignment on factors such as sleep deprivation, judgment, and risk-taking behaviors may increase criminal behavior and substance abuse.2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST DOES NOT AFFECT THE POPULATION EQUALLY, LEADING TO STRUCTURAL DISPARITIES<\/h2>\nTeenagers and young adults are particularly susceptible to delayed clock times and are most likely to experience sleep loss and social jet lag with DST.4<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Additionally, early work or school start times and\/or chronic sleep loss result in greater risk of sleep disruption (Table 1<\/strong><\/a>)8<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and are more likely in minorities and people with lower socioeconomic status.21<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\nTable 1.<\/h3>\n\nFactors affecting sleep loss with 1-hour-later sunrises and sunsets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\nSocial Factors<\/th>\nAverage Daily Sleep Loss<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nEmployed adults<\/td>\n19\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts before 7\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n36\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nParents of children with school start time before 8\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n27\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts after 8:30\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0without children<\/td>\nNo loss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\nOne example of these disparities was found in a 10-year study of standardized college entrance exam scores comparing students who resided in parts of Indiana on pST vs seasonal DST.22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Lower average test scores were found in the DST locations and lowest-income students were disproportionately affected (49 points lower in students from households with lowest income compared to 8 points lower in highest-income households).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST HAS BEEN TRIED BEFORE AND QUICKLY BECOMES UNPOPULAR<\/h2>\nThe United States tried pDST twice before, most recently in 1974, which ended early because it was unpopular. The observation of increased deaths of school children at dark morning bus stops is cited as a reason for ending the practice. Similar unpopularity occurred when Russia adopted pDST from 2011 to 2014, eventually reverting to pST. Notably, 60% of countries follow pST (Figure 1<\/strong><\/a>).<\/p>\n\nFigure 1. Only 40% of countries use seasonal daylight saving time (in blue).<\/h3>\n<\/a><\/p>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>ADVOCACY IS NEEDED NOW<\/h2>\nThe Sunshine Protection Act, which proposes federal pDST, passed the US Senate in 2022 but failed to pass the House. It has subsequently been refiled in the Senate in 2023. pST is already federally approved, but we need a federal bill to ensure public health and safety by applying pST as a standard across the United States. Although a federal bill would be best to coordinate times nationally, state bills, even if dependent on passage of bills in neighboring states, are needed to show that people want pST, given that 19 states have already passed bills that would allow for pDST.<\/p>\nThe Society for Research in Biological Rhythms,4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Academy of Sleep Medicine,23<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Sleep Research Society,1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Medical Association,25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and American Academy of Neurology are some of the many medical and research societies that have endorsed pST.<\/p>\nWe urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
Instead, studies that best inform the choice between pDST and pST provide information on long-term effects of temporal misalignment. These include (1) position within time zone studies, (2) natural experiments in locations that have changed time policies, and (3) data from populations with delayed circadian rhythms, including evening chronotype and social jet lag.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF DST PERSIST BEYOND THE CLOCK CHANGE<\/h2>\nLater sunrises and sunsets, as seen with pDST, are associated with multiple long-term health outcomes including increases in stroke, heart attacks, diabetes, obesity, and cancer.8<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>10<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nThe increase in obesity and other cardiovascular health problems show that even if DST were to encourage exercise in some individuals it is not enough to outweigh the effects of sleep and circadian disruption on food choices, metabolism, hunger hormones, and glucose control and other cardiovascular risk factors.11<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST WOULD WORSEN SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER<\/h2>\nIn the winter, DST would delay sunrises to after 8\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0for 2\u20134 months in the United States, with some locations only seeing sun after 9:30\u00a0am<\/span>. Morning light is critical for resetting the body clock to the 24-hour day.<\/p>\nA Russian study evaluated a 7-year period comparing seasonal DST to pDST and pST.13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0The study found the highest rates of seasonal depression in adolescents during pDST and lowest rates during pST. This aligns with known genetics of depression and effects of light therapy on mental health disorders that benefit from morning light and can worsen with evening light.14<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF pDST ARE LIKELY WORSE THAN THOSE OF pST (AND EVEN WORSE THAN THE STATUS QUO)<\/h2>\nAround the days of clock transition, DST has been found to boost retail spending because there is more evening light. A JPMorgan study found that DST was also associated with a relative increase in credit card spending, including higher utility and gasoline bills and health care spending.15<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Although DST may save light energy it increases heating and cooling costs.16<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nIn terms of the overall workforce and productivity, the sleep and circadian rhythm disruption from pDST would negatively affect many outcomes related to performance and safety, including alertness, reaction time, procrastination, learning and memory, judgment, communication, creativity, and multitasking, and workplace injuries.2<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>19<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Circadian misalignment consistent with pDST is associated with losses in productivity, missed workdays, and lower average salaries.8<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF CIRCADIAN MISALIGNMENT ON SAFETY AND CRIME RATES DURING pDST OUTWEIGH ANY POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF EVENING LIGHT EXPOSURE<\/h2>\nOne example of this misconception is the argument that pDST would be the safest option because evening light would reduce motor vehicle crashes. Some short-term data suggest that around clock change later sunsets decrease the number of evening commute-time motor vehicle crashes. A 2022 study, however, demonstrated people living in locations with at least 30-minute later sunrises and sunsets than at the time zone meridian have a 21.8% higher motor vehicle crash\u2013related fatality rate.20<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0This suggests that long-term effects on drowsy driving and other risky driving behaviors as well as the longer total commute time in the dark make pDST less favorable.<\/p>\nData from studies comparing early and late school start time support how social policy changes that result in small improvements of sleep and circadian alignment can reduce crime and delinquency. Additionally, negative impacts from year-round circadian misalignment on factors such as sleep deprivation, judgment, and risk-taking behaviors may increase criminal behavior and substance abuse.2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST DOES NOT AFFECT THE POPULATION EQUALLY, LEADING TO STRUCTURAL DISPARITIES<\/h2>\nTeenagers and young adults are particularly susceptible to delayed clock times and are most likely to experience sleep loss and social jet lag with DST.4<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Additionally, early work or school start times and\/or chronic sleep loss result in greater risk of sleep disruption (Table 1<\/strong><\/a>)8<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and are more likely in minorities and people with lower socioeconomic status.21<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\nTable 1.<\/h3>\n\nFactors affecting sleep loss with 1-hour-later sunrises and sunsets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\nSocial Factors<\/th>\nAverage Daily Sleep Loss<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nEmployed adults<\/td>\n19\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts before 7\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n36\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nParents of children with school start time before 8\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n27\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts after 8:30\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0without children<\/td>\nNo loss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\nOne example of these disparities was found in a 10-year study of standardized college entrance exam scores comparing students who resided in parts of Indiana on pST vs seasonal DST.22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Lower average test scores were found in the DST locations and lowest-income students were disproportionately affected (49 points lower in students from households with lowest income compared to 8 points lower in highest-income households).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST HAS BEEN TRIED BEFORE AND QUICKLY BECOMES UNPOPULAR<\/h2>\nThe United States tried pDST twice before, most recently in 1974, which ended early because it was unpopular. The observation of increased deaths of school children at dark morning bus stops is cited as a reason for ending the practice. Similar unpopularity occurred when Russia adopted pDST from 2011 to 2014, eventually reverting to pST. Notably, 60% of countries follow pST (Figure 1<\/strong><\/a>).<\/p>\n\nFigure 1. Only 40% of countries use seasonal daylight saving time (in blue).<\/h3>\n<\/a><\/p>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>ADVOCACY IS NEEDED NOW<\/h2>\nThe Sunshine Protection Act, which proposes federal pDST, passed the US Senate in 2022 but failed to pass the House. It has subsequently been refiled in the Senate in 2023. pST is already federally approved, but we need a federal bill to ensure public health and safety by applying pST as a standard across the United States. Although a federal bill would be best to coordinate times nationally, state bills, even if dependent on passage of bills in neighboring states, are needed to show that people want pST, given that 19 states have already passed bills that would allow for pDST.<\/p>\nThe Society for Research in Biological Rhythms,4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Academy of Sleep Medicine,23<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Sleep Research Society,1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Medical Association,25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and American Academy of Neurology are some of the many medical and research societies that have endorsed pST.<\/p>\nWe urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
Later sunrises and sunsets, as seen with pDST, are associated with multiple long-term health outcomes including increases in stroke, heart attacks, diabetes, obesity, and cancer.8<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>10<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nThe increase in obesity and other cardiovascular health problems show that even if DST were to encourage exercise in some individuals it is not enough to outweigh the effects of sleep and circadian disruption on food choices, metabolism, hunger hormones, and glucose control and other cardiovascular risk factors.11<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST WOULD WORSEN SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER<\/h2>\nIn the winter, DST would delay sunrises to after 8\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0for 2\u20134 months in the United States, with some locations only seeing sun after 9:30\u00a0am<\/span>. Morning light is critical for resetting the body clock to the 24-hour day.<\/p>\nA Russian study evaluated a 7-year period comparing seasonal DST to pDST and pST.13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0The study found the highest rates of seasonal depression in adolescents during pDST and lowest rates during pST. This aligns with known genetics of depression and effects of light therapy on mental health disorders that benefit from morning light and can worsen with evening light.14<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF pDST ARE LIKELY WORSE THAN THOSE OF pST (AND EVEN WORSE THAN THE STATUS QUO)<\/h2>\nAround the days of clock transition, DST has been found to boost retail spending because there is more evening light. A JPMorgan study found that DST was also associated with a relative increase in credit card spending, including higher utility and gasoline bills and health care spending.15<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Although DST may save light energy it increases heating and cooling costs.16<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nIn terms of the overall workforce and productivity, the sleep and circadian rhythm disruption from pDST would negatively affect many outcomes related to performance and safety, including alertness, reaction time, procrastination, learning and memory, judgment, communication, creativity, and multitasking, and workplace injuries.2<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>19<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Circadian misalignment consistent with pDST is associated with losses in productivity, missed workdays, and lower average salaries.8<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF CIRCADIAN MISALIGNMENT ON SAFETY AND CRIME RATES DURING pDST OUTWEIGH ANY POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF EVENING LIGHT EXPOSURE<\/h2>\nOne example of this misconception is the argument that pDST would be the safest option because evening light would reduce motor vehicle crashes. Some short-term data suggest that around clock change later sunsets decrease the number of evening commute-time motor vehicle crashes. A 2022 study, however, demonstrated people living in locations with at least 30-minute later sunrises and sunsets than at the time zone meridian have a 21.8% higher motor vehicle crash\u2013related fatality rate.20<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0This suggests that long-term effects on drowsy driving and other risky driving behaviors as well as the longer total commute time in the dark make pDST less favorable.<\/p>\nData from studies comparing early and late school start time support how social policy changes that result in small improvements of sleep and circadian alignment can reduce crime and delinquency. Additionally, negative impacts from year-round circadian misalignment on factors such as sleep deprivation, judgment, and risk-taking behaviors may increase criminal behavior and substance abuse.2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST DOES NOT AFFECT THE POPULATION EQUALLY, LEADING TO STRUCTURAL DISPARITIES<\/h2>\nTeenagers and young adults are particularly susceptible to delayed clock times and are most likely to experience sleep loss and social jet lag with DST.4<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Additionally, early work or school start times and\/or chronic sleep loss result in greater risk of sleep disruption (Table 1<\/strong><\/a>)8<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and are more likely in minorities and people with lower socioeconomic status.21<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\nTable 1.<\/h3>\n\nFactors affecting sleep loss with 1-hour-later sunrises and sunsets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\nSocial Factors<\/th>\nAverage Daily Sleep Loss<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nEmployed adults<\/td>\n19\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts before 7\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n36\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nParents of children with school start time before 8\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n27\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts after 8:30\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0without children<\/td>\nNo loss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\nOne example of these disparities was found in a 10-year study of standardized college entrance exam scores comparing students who resided in parts of Indiana on pST vs seasonal DST.22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Lower average test scores were found in the DST locations and lowest-income students were disproportionately affected (49 points lower in students from households with lowest income compared to 8 points lower in highest-income households).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST HAS BEEN TRIED BEFORE AND QUICKLY BECOMES UNPOPULAR<\/h2>\nThe United States tried pDST twice before, most recently in 1974, which ended early because it was unpopular. The observation of increased deaths of school children at dark morning bus stops is cited as a reason for ending the practice. Similar unpopularity occurred when Russia adopted pDST from 2011 to 2014, eventually reverting to pST. Notably, 60% of countries follow pST (Figure 1<\/strong><\/a>).<\/p>\n\nFigure 1. Only 40% of countries use seasonal daylight saving time (in blue).<\/h3>\n<\/a><\/p>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>ADVOCACY IS NEEDED NOW<\/h2>\nThe Sunshine Protection Act, which proposes federal pDST, passed the US Senate in 2022 but failed to pass the House. It has subsequently been refiled in the Senate in 2023. pST is already federally approved, but we need a federal bill to ensure public health and safety by applying pST as a standard across the United States. Although a federal bill would be best to coordinate times nationally, state bills, even if dependent on passage of bills in neighboring states, are needed to show that people want pST, given that 19 states have already passed bills that would allow for pDST.<\/p>\nThe Society for Research in Biological Rhythms,4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Academy of Sleep Medicine,23<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Sleep Research Society,1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Medical Association,25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and American Academy of Neurology are some of the many medical and research societies that have endorsed pST.<\/p>\nWe urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
The increase in obesity and other cardiovascular health problems show that even if DST were to encourage exercise in some individuals it is not enough to outweigh the effects of sleep and circadian disruption on food choices, metabolism, hunger hormones, and glucose control and other cardiovascular risk factors.11<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST WOULD WORSEN SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER<\/h2>\nIn the winter, DST would delay sunrises to after 8\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0for 2\u20134 months in the United States, with some locations only seeing sun after 9:30\u00a0am<\/span>. Morning light is critical for resetting the body clock to the 24-hour day.<\/p>\nA Russian study evaluated a 7-year period comparing seasonal DST to pDST and pST.13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0The study found the highest rates of seasonal depression in adolescents during pDST and lowest rates during pST. This aligns with known genetics of depression and effects of light therapy on mental health disorders that benefit from morning light and can worsen with evening light.14<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF pDST ARE LIKELY WORSE THAN THOSE OF pST (AND EVEN WORSE THAN THE STATUS QUO)<\/h2>\nAround the days of clock transition, DST has been found to boost retail spending because there is more evening light. A JPMorgan study found that DST was also associated with a relative increase in credit card spending, including higher utility and gasoline bills and health care spending.15<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Although DST may save light energy it increases heating and cooling costs.16<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nIn terms of the overall workforce and productivity, the sleep and circadian rhythm disruption from pDST would negatively affect many outcomes related to performance and safety, including alertness, reaction time, procrastination, learning and memory, judgment, communication, creativity, and multitasking, and workplace injuries.2<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>19<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Circadian misalignment consistent with pDST is associated with losses in productivity, missed workdays, and lower average salaries.8<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF CIRCADIAN MISALIGNMENT ON SAFETY AND CRIME RATES DURING pDST OUTWEIGH ANY POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF EVENING LIGHT EXPOSURE<\/h2>\nOne example of this misconception is the argument that pDST would be the safest option because evening light would reduce motor vehicle crashes. Some short-term data suggest that around clock change later sunsets decrease the number of evening commute-time motor vehicle crashes. A 2022 study, however, demonstrated people living in locations with at least 30-minute later sunrises and sunsets than at the time zone meridian have a 21.8% higher motor vehicle crash\u2013related fatality rate.20<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0This suggests that long-term effects on drowsy driving and other risky driving behaviors as well as the longer total commute time in the dark make pDST less favorable.<\/p>\nData from studies comparing early and late school start time support how social policy changes that result in small improvements of sleep and circadian alignment can reduce crime and delinquency. Additionally, negative impacts from year-round circadian misalignment on factors such as sleep deprivation, judgment, and risk-taking behaviors may increase criminal behavior and substance abuse.2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST DOES NOT AFFECT THE POPULATION EQUALLY, LEADING TO STRUCTURAL DISPARITIES<\/h2>\nTeenagers and young adults are particularly susceptible to delayed clock times and are most likely to experience sleep loss and social jet lag with DST.4<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Additionally, early work or school start times and\/or chronic sleep loss result in greater risk of sleep disruption (Table 1<\/strong><\/a>)8<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and are more likely in minorities and people with lower socioeconomic status.21<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\nTable 1.<\/h3>\n\nFactors affecting sleep loss with 1-hour-later sunrises and sunsets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\nSocial Factors<\/th>\nAverage Daily Sleep Loss<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nEmployed adults<\/td>\n19\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts before 7\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n36\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nParents of children with school start time before 8\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n27\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts after 8:30\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0without children<\/td>\nNo loss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\nOne example of these disparities was found in a 10-year study of standardized college entrance exam scores comparing students who resided in parts of Indiana on pST vs seasonal DST.22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Lower average test scores were found in the DST locations and lowest-income students were disproportionately affected (49 points lower in students from households with lowest income compared to 8 points lower in highest-income households).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST HAS BEEN TRIED BEFORE AND QUICKLY BECOMES UNPOPULAR<\/h2>\nThe United States tried pDST twice before, most recently in 1974, which ended early because it was unpopular. The observation of increased deaths of school children at dark morning bus stops is cited as a reason for ending the practice. Similar unpopularity occurred when Russia adopted pDST from 2011 to 2014, eventually reverting to pST. Notably, 60% of countries follow pST (Figure 1<\/strong><\/a>).<\/p>\n\nFigure 1. Only 40% of countries use seasonal daylight saving time (in blue).<\/h3>\n<\/a><\/p>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>ADVOCACY IS NEEDED NOW<\/h2>\nThe Sunshine Protection Act, which proposes federal pDST, passed the US Senate in 2022 but failed to pass the House. It has subsequently been refiled in the Senate in 2023. pST is already federally approved, but we need a federal bill to ensure public health and safety by applying pST as a standard across the United States. Although a federal bill would be best to coordinate times nationally, state bills, even if dependent on passage of bills in neighboring states, are needed to show that people want pST, given that 19 states have already passed bills that would allow for pDST.<\/p>\nThe Society for Research in Biological Rhythms,4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Academy of Sleep Medicine,23<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Sleep Research Society,1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Medical Association,25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and American Academy of Neurology are some of the many medical and research societies that have endorsed pST.<\/p>\nWe urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
In the winter, DST would delay sunrises to after 8\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0for 2\u20134 months in the United States, with some locations only seeing sun after 9:30\u00a0am<\/span>. Morning light is critical for resetting the body clock to the 24-hour day.<\/p>\nA Russian study evaluated a 7-year period comparing seasonal DST to pDST and pST.13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0The study found the highest rates of seasonal depression in adolescents during pDST and lowest rates during pST. This aligns with known genetics of depression and effects of light therapy on mental health disorders that benefit from morning light and can worsen with evening light.14<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF pDST ARE LIKELY WORSE THAN THOSE OF pST (AND EVEN WORSE THAN THE STATUS QUO)<\/h2>\nAround the days of clock transition, DST has been found to boost retail spending because there is more evening light. A JPMorgan study found that DST was also associated with a relative increase in credit card spending, including higher utility and gasoline bills and health care spending.15<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Although DST may save light energy it increases heating and cooling costs.16<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nIn terms of the overall workforce and productivity, the sleep and circadian rhythm disruption from pDST would negatively affect many outcomes related to performance and safety, including alertness, reaction time, procrastination, learning and memory, judgment, communication, creativity, and multitasking, and workplace injuries.2<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>19<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Circadian misalignment consistent with pDST is associated with losses in productivity, missed workdays, and lower average salaries.8<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF CIRCADIAN MISALIGNMENT ON SAFETY AND CRIME RATES DURING pDST OUTWEIGH ANY POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF EVENING LIGHT EXPOSURE<\/h2>\nOne example of this misconception is the argument that pDST would be the safest option because evening light would reduce motor vehicle crashes. Some short-term data suggest that around clock change later sunsets decrease the number of evening commute-time motor vehicle crashes. A 2022 study, however, demonstrated people living in locations with at least 30-minute later sunrises and sunsets than at the time zone meridian have a 21.8% higher motor vehicle crash\u2013related fatality rate.20<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0This suggests that long-term effects on drowsy driving and other risky driving behaviors as well as the longer total commute time in the dark make pDST less favorable.<\/p>\nData from studies comparing early and late school start time support how social policy changes that result in small improvements of sleep and circadian alignment can reduce crime and delinquency. Additionally, negative impacts from year-round circadian misalignment on factors such as sleep deprivation, judgment, and risk-taking behaviors may increase criminal behavior and substance abuse.2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST DOES NOT AFFECT THE POPULATION EQUALLY, LEADING TO STRUCTURAL DISPARITIES<\/h2>\nTeenagers and young adults are particularly susceptible to delayed clock times and are most likely to experience sleep loss and social jet lag with DST.4<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Additionally, early work or school start times and\/or chronic sleep loss result in greater risk of sleep disruption (Table 1<\/strong><\/a>)8<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and are more likely in minorities and people with lower socioeconomic status.21<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\nTable 1.<\/h3>\n\nFactors affecting sleep loss with 1-hour-later sunrises and sunsets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\nSocial Factors<\/th>\nAverage Daily Sleep Loss<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nEmployed adults<\/td>\n19\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts before 7\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n36\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nParents of children with school start time before 8\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n27\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts after 8:30\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0without children<\/td>\nNo loss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\nOne example of these disparities was found in a 10-year study of standardized college entrance exam scores comparing students who resided in parts of Indiana on pST vs seasonal DST.22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Lower average test scores were found in the DST locations and lowest-income students were disproportionately affected (49 points lower in students from households with lowest income compared to 8 points lower in highest-income households).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST HAS BEEN TRIED BEFORE AND QUICKLY BECOMES UNPOPULAR<\/h2>\nThe United States tried pDST twice before, most recently in 1974, which ended early because it was unpopular. The observation of increased deaths of school children at dark morning bus stops is cited as a reason for ending the practice. Similar unpopularity occurred when Russia adopted pDST from 2011 to 2014, eventually reverting to pST. Notably, 60% of countries follow pST (Figure 1<\/strong><\/a>).<\/p>\n\nFigure 1. Only 40% of countries use seasonal daylight saving time (in blue).<\/h3>\n<\/a><\/p>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>ADVOCACY IS NEEDED NOW<\/h2>\nThe Sunshine Protection Act, which proposes federal pDST, passed the US Senate in 2022 but failed to pass the House. It has subsequently been refiled in the Senate in 2023. pST is already federally approved, but we need a federal bill to ensure public health and safety by applying pST as a standard across the United States. Although a federal bill would be best to coordinate times nationally, state bills, even if dependent on passage of bills in neighboring states, are needed to show that people want pST, given that 19 states have already passed bills that would allow for pDST.<\/p>\nThe Society for Research in Biological Rhythms,4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Academy of Sleep Medicine,23<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Sleep Research Society,1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Medical Association,25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and American Academy of Neurology are some of the many medical and research societies that have endorsed pST.<\/p>\nWe urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
A Russian study evaluated a 7-year period comparing seasonal DST to pDST and pST.13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0The study found the highest rates of seasonal depression in adolescents during pDST and lowest rates during pST. This aligns with known genetics of depression and effects of light therapy on mental health disorders that benefit from morning light and can worsen with evening light.14<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF pDST ARE LIKELY WORSE THAN THOSE OF pST (AND EVEN WORSE THAN THE STATUS QUO)<\/h2>\nAround the days of clock transition, DST has been found to boost retail spending because there is more evening light. A JPMorgan study found that DST was also associated with a relative increase in credit card spending, including higher utility and gasoline bills and health care spending.15<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Although DST may save light energy it increases heating and cooling costs.16<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nIn terms of the overall workforce and productivity, the sleep and circadian rhythm disruption from pDST would negatively affect many outcomes related to performance and safety, including alertness, reaction time, procrastination, learning and memory, judgment, communication, creativity, and multitasking, and workplace injuries.2<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>19<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Circadian misalignment consistent with pDST is associated with losses in productivity, missed workdays, and lower average salaries.8<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF CIRCADIAN MISALIGNMENT ON SAFETY AND CRIME RATES DURING pDST OUTWEIGH ANY POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF EVENING LIGHT EXPOSURE<\/h2>\nOne example of this misconception is the argument that pDST would be the safest option because evening light would reduce motor vehicle crashes. Some short-term data suggest that around clock change later sunsets decrease the number of evening commute-time motor vehicle crashes. A 2022 study, however, demonstrated people living in locations with at least 30-minute later sunrises and sunsets than at the time zone meridian have a 21.8% higher motor vehicle crash\u2013related fatality rate.20<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0This suggests that long-term effects on drowsy driving and other risky driving behaviors as well as the longer total commute time in the dark make pDST less favorable.<\/p>\nData from studies comparing early and late school start time support how social policy changes that result in small improvements of sleep and circadian alignment can reduce crime and delinquency. Additionally, negative impacts from year-round circadian misalignment on factors such as sleep deprivation, judgment, and risk-taking behaviors may increase criminal behavior and substance abuse.2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST DOES NOT AFFECT THE POPULATION EQUALLY, LEADING TO STRUCTURAL DISPARITIES<\/h2>\nTeenagers and young adults are particularly susceptible to delayed clock times and are most likely to experience sleep loss and social jet lag with DST.4<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Additionally, early work or school start times and\/or chronic sleep loss result in greater risk of sleep disruption (Table 1<\/strong><\/a>)8<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and are more likely in minorities and people with lower socioeconomic status.21<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\nTable 1.<\/h3>\n\nFactors affecting sleep loss with 1-hour-later sunrises and sunsets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\nSocial Factors<\/th>\nAverage Daily Sleep Loss<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nEmployed adults<\/td>\n19\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts before 7\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n36\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nParents of children with school start time before 8\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n27\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts after 8:30\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0without children<\/td>\nNo loss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\nOne example of these disparities was found in a 10-year study of standardized college entrance exam scores comparing students who resided in parts of Indiana on pST vs seasonal DST.22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Lower average test scores were found in the DST locations and lowest-income students were disproportionately affected (49 points lower in students from households with lowest income compared to 8 points lower in highest-income households).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST HAS BEEN TRIED BEFORE AND QUICKLY BECOMES UNPOPULAR<\/h2>\nThe United States tried pDST twice before, most recently in 1974, which ended early because it was unpopular. The observation of increased deaths of school children at dark morning bus stops is cited as a reason for ending the practice. Similar unpopularity occurred when Russia adopted pDST from 2011 to 2014, eventually reverting to pST. Notably, 60% of countries follow pST (Figure 1<\/strong><\/a>).<\/p>\n\nFigure 1. Only 40% of countries use seasonal daylight saving time (in blue).<\/h3>\n<\/a><\/p>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>ADVOCACY IS NEEDED NOW<\/h2>\nThe Sunshine Protection Act, which proposes federal pDST, passed the US Senate in 2022 but failed to pass the House. It has subsequently been refiled in the Senate in 2023. pST is already federally approved, but we need a federal bill to ensure public health and safety by applying pST as a standard across the United States. Although a federal bill would be best to coordinate times nationally, state bills, even if dependent on passage of bills in neighboring states, are needed to show that people want pST, given that 19 states have already passed bills that would allow for pDST.<\/p>\nThe Society for Research in Biological Rhythms,4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Academy of Sleep Medicine,23<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Sleep Research Society,1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Medical Association,25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and American Academy of Neurology are some of the many medical and research societies that have endorsed pST.<\/p>\nWe urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
Around the days of clock transition, DST has been found to boost retail spending because there is more evening light. A JPMorgan study found that DST was also associated with a relative increase in credit card spending, including higher utility and gasoline bills and health care spending.15<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Although DST may save light energy it increases heating and cooling costs.16<\/sup><\/a>\u2013<\/sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\nIn terms of the overall workforce and productivity, the sleep and circadian rhythm disruption from pDST would negatively affect many outcomes related to performance and safety, including alertness, reaction time, procrastination, learning and memory, judgment, communication, creativity, and multitasking, and workplace injuries.2<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>19<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Circadian misalignment consistent with pDST is associated with losses in productivity, missed workdays, and lower average salaries.8<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF CIRCADIAN MISALIGNMENT ON SAFETY AND CRIME RATES DURING pDST OUTWEIGH ANY POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF EVENING LIGHT EXPOSURE<\/h2>\nOne example of this misconception is the argument that pDST would be the safest option because evening light would reduce motor vehicle crashes. Some short-term data suggest that around clock change later sunsets decrease the number of evening commute-time motor vehicle crashes. A 2022 study, however, demonstrated people living in locations with at least 30-minute later sunrises and sunsets than at the time zone meridian have a 21.8% higher motor vehicle crash\u2013related fatality rate.20<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0This suggests that long-term effects on drowsy driving and other risky driving behaviors as well as the longer total commute time in the dark make pDST less favorable.<\/p>\nData from studies comparing early and late school start time support how social policy changes that result in small improvements of sleep and circadian alignment can reduce crime and delinquency. Additionally, negative impacts from year-round circadian misalignment on factors such as sleep deprivation, judgment, and risk-taking behaviors may increase criminal behavior and substance abuse.2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST DOES NOT AFFECT THE POPULATION EQUALLY, LEADING TO STRUCTURAL DISPARITIES<\/h2>\nTeenagers and young adults are particularly susceptible to delayed clock times and are most likely to experience sleep loss and social jet lag with DST.4<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Additionally, early work or school start times and\/or chronic sleep loss result in greater risk of sleep disruption (Table 1<\/strong><\/a>)8<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and are more likely in minorities and people with lower socioeconomic status.21<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\nTable 1.<\/h3>\n\nFactors affecting sleep loss with 1-hour-later sunrises and sunsets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\nSocial Factors<\/th>\nAverage Daily Sleep Loss<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nEmployed adults<\/td>\n19\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts before 7\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n36\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nParents of children with school start time before 8\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n27\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts after 8:30\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0without children<\/td>\nNo loss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\nOne example of these disparities was found in a 10-year study of standardized college entrance exam scores comparing students who resided in parts of Indiana on pST vs seasonal DST.22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Lower average test scores were found in the DST locations and lowest-income students were disproportionately affected (49 points lower in students from households with lowest income compared to 8 points lower in highest-income households).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST HAS BEEN TRIED BEFORE AND QUICKLY BECOMES UNPOPULAR<\/h2>\nThe United States tried pDST twice before, most recently in 1974, which ended early because it was unpopular. The observation of increased deaths of school children at dark morning bus stops is cited as a reason for ending the practice. Similar unpopularity occurred when Russia adopted pDST from 2011 to 2014, eventually reverting to pST. Notably, 60% of countries follow pST (Figure 1<\/strong><\/a>).<\/p>\n\nFigure 1. Only 40% of countries use seasonal daylight saving time (in blue).<\/h3>\n<\/a><\/p>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>ADVOCACY IS NEEDED NOW<\/h2>\nThe Sunshine Protection Act, which proposes federal pDST, passed the US Senate in 2022 but failed to pass the House. It has subsequently been refiled in the Senate in 2023. pST is already federally approved, but we need a federal bill to ensure public health and safety by applying pST as a standard across the United States. Although a federal bill would be best to coordinate times nationally, state bills, even if dependent on passage of bills in neighboring states, are needed to show that people want pST, given that 19 states have already passed bills that would allow for pDST.<\/p>\nThe Society for Research in Biological Rhythms,4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Academy of Sleep Medicine,23<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Sleep Research Society,1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Medical Association,25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and American Academy of Neurology are some of the many medical and research societies that have endorsed pST.<\/p>\nWe urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
In terms of the overall workforce and productivity, the sleep and circadian rhythm disruption from pDST would negatively affect many outcomes related to performance and safety, including alertness, reaction time, procrastination, learning and memory, judgment, communication, creativity, and multitasking, and workplace injuries.2<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>19<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Circadian misalignment consistent with pDST is associated with losses in productivity, missed workdays, and lower average salaries.8<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF CIRCADIAN MISALIGNMENT ON SAFETY AND CRIME RATES DURING pDST OUTWEIGH ANY POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF EVENING LIGHT EXPOSURE<\/h2>\nOne example of this misconception is the argument that pDST would be the safest option because evening light would reduce motor vehicle crashes. Some short-term data suggest that around clock change later sunsets decrease the number of evening commute-time motor vehicle crashes. A 2022 study, however, demonstrated people living in locations with at least 30-minute later sunrises and sunsets than at the time zone meridian have a 21.8% higher motor vehicle crash\u2013related fatality rate.20<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0This suggests that long-term effects on drowsy driving and other risky driving behaviors as well as the longer total commute time in the dark make pDST less favorable.<\/p>\nData from studies comparing early and late school start time support how social policy changes that result in small improvements of sleep and circadian alignment can reduce crime and delinquency. Additionally, negative impacts from year-round circadian misalignment on factors such as sleep deprivation, judgment, and risk-taking behaviors may increase criminal behavior and substance abuse.2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST DOES NOT AFFECT THE POPULATION EQUALLY, LEADING TO STRUCTURAL DISPARITIES<\/h2>\nTeenagers and young adults are particularly susceptible to delayed clock times and are most likely to experience sleep loss and social jet lag with DST.4<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Additionally, early work or school start times and\/or chronic sleep loss result in greater risk of sleep disruption (Table 1<\/strong><\/a>)8<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and are more likely in minorities and people with lower socioeconomic status.21<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\nTable 1.<\/h3>\n\nFactors affecting sleep loss with 1-hour-later sunrises and sunsets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\nSocial Factors<\/th>\nAverage Daily Sleep Loss<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nEmployed adults<\/td>\n19\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts before 7\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n36\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nParents of children with school start time before 8\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n27\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts after 8:30\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0without children<\/td>\nNo loss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\nOne example of these disparities was found in a 10-year study of standardized college entrance exam scores comparing students who resided in parts of Indiana on pST vs seasonal DST.22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Lower average test scores were found in the DST locations and lowest-income students were disproportionately affected (49 points lower in students from households with lowest income compared to 8 points lower in highest-income households).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST HAS BEEN TRIED BEFORE AND QUICKLY BECOMES UNPOPULAR<\/h2>\nThe United States tried pDST twice before, most recently in 1974, which ended early because it was unpopular. The observation of increased deaths of school children at dark morning bus stops is cited as a reason for ending the practice. Similar unpopularity occurred when Russia adopted pDST from 2011 to 2014, eventually reverting to pST. Notably, 60% of countries follow pST (Figure 1<\/strong><\/a>).<\/p>\n\nFigure 1. Only 40% of countries use seasonal daylight saving time (in blue).<\/h3>\n<\/a><\/p>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>ADVOCACY IS NEEDED NOW<\/h2>\nThe Sunshine Protection Act, which proposes federal pDST, passed the US Senate in 2022 but failed to pass the House. It has subsequently been refiled in the Senate in 2023. pST is already federally approved, but we need a federal bill to ensure public health and safety by applying pST as a standard across the United States. Although a federal bill would be best to coordinate times nationally, state bills, even if dependent on passage of bills in neighboring states, are needed to show that people want pST, given that 19 states have already passed bills that would allow for pDST.<\/p>\nThe Society for Research in Biological Rhythms,4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Academy of Sleep Medicine,23<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Sleep Research Society,1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Medical Association,25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and American Academy of Neurology are some of the many medical and research societies that have endorsed pST.<\/p>\nWe urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
One example of this misconception is the argument that pDST would be the safest option because evening light would reduce motor vehicle crashes. Some short-term data suggest that around clock change later sunsets decrease the number of evening commute-time motor vehicle crashes. A 2022 study, however, demonstrated people living in locations with at least 30-minute later sunrises and sunsets than at the time zone meridian have a 21.8% higher motor vehicle crash\u2013related fatality rate.20<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0This suggests that long-term effects on drowsy driving and other risky driving behaviors as well as the longer total commute time in the dark make pDST less favorable.<\/p>\nData from studies comparing early and late school start time support how social policy changes that result in small improvements of sleep and circadian alignment can reduce crime and delinquency. Additionally, negative impacts from year-round circadian misalignment on factors such as sleep deprivation, judgment, and risk-taking behaviors may increase criminal behavior and substance abuse.2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST DOES NOT AFFECT THE POPULATION EQUALLY, LEADING TO STRUCTURAL DISPARITIES<\/h2>\nTeenagers and young adults are particularly susceptible to delayed clock times and are most likely to experience sleep loss and social jet lag with DST.4<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Additionally, early work or school start times and\/or chronic sleep loss result in greater risk of sleep disruption (Table 1<\/strong><\/a>)8<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and are more likely in minorities and people with lower socioeconomic status.21<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\nTable 1.<\/h3>\n\nFactors affecting sleep loss with 1-hour-later sunrises and sunsets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\nSocial Factors<\/th>\nAverage Daily Sleep Loss<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nEmployed adults<\/td>\n19\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts before 7\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n36\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nParents of children with school start time before 8\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n27\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts after 8:30\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0without children<\/td>\nNo loss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\nOne example of these disparities was found in a 10-year study of standardized college entrance exam scores comparing students who resided in parts of Indiana on pST vs seasonal DST.22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Lower average test scores were found in the DST locations and lowest-income students were disproportionately affected (49 points lower in students from households with lowest income compared to 8 points lower in highest-income households).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST HAS BEEN TRIED BEFORE AND QUICKLY BECOMES UNPOPULAR<\/h2>\nThe United States tried pDST twice before, most recently in 1974, which ended early because it was unpopular. The observation of increased deaths of school children at dark morning bus stops is cited as a reason for ending the practice. Similar unpopularity occurred when Russia adopted pDST from 2011 to 2014, eventually reverting to pST. Notably, 60% of countries follow pST (Figure 1<\/strong><\/a>).<\/p>\n\nFigure 1. Only 40% of countries use seasonal daylight saving time (in blue).<\/h3>\n<\/a><\/p>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>ADVOCACY IS NEEDED NOW<\/h2>\nThe Sunshine Protection Act, which proposes federal pDST, passed the US Senate in 2022 but failed to pass the House. It has subsequently been refiled in the Senate in 2023. pST is already federally approved, but we need a federal bill to ensure public health and safety by applying pST as a standard across the United States. Although a federal bill would be best to coordinate times nationally, state bills, even if dependent on passage of bills in neighboring states, are needed to show that people want pST, given that 19 states have already passed bills that would allow for pDST.<\/p>\nThe Society for Research in Biological Rhythms,4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Academy of Sleep Medicine,23<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Sleep Research Society,1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Medical Association,25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and American Academy of Neurology are some of the many medical and research societies that have endorsed pST.<\/p>\nWe urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
Data from studies comparing early and late school start time support how social policy changes that result in small improvements of sleep and circadian alignment can reduce crime and delinquency. Additionally, negative impacts from year-round circadian misalignment on factors such as sleep deprivation, judgment, and risk-taking behaviors may increase criminal behavior and substance abuse.2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST DOES NOT AFFECT THE POPULATION EQUALLY, LEADING TO STRUCTURAL DISPARITIES<\/h2>\nTeenagers and young adults are particularly susceptible to delayed clock times and are most likely to experience sleep loss and social jet lag with DST.4<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Additionally, early work or school start times and\/or chronic sleep loss result in greater risk of sleep disruption (Table 1<\/strong><\/a>)8<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and are more likely in minorities and people with lower socioeconomic status.21<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\nTable 1.<\/h3>\n\nFactors affecting sleep loss with 1-hour-later sunrises and sunsets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\nSocial Factors<\/th>\nAverage Daily Sleep Loss<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nEmployed adults<\/td>\n19\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts before 7\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n36\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nParents of children with school start time before 8\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n27\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts after 8:30\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0without children<\/td>\nNo loss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\nOne example of these disparities was found in a 10-year study of standardized college entrance exam scores comparing students who resided in parts of Indiana on pST vs seasonal DST.22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Lower average test scores were found in the DST locations and lowest-income students were disproportionately affected (49 points lower in students from households with lowest income compared to 8 points lower in highest-income households).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST HAS BEEN TRIED BEFORE AND QUICKLY BECOMES UNPOPULAR<\/h2>\nThe United States tried pDST twice before, most recently in 1974, which ended early because it was unpopular. The observation of increased deaths of school children at dark morning bus stops is cited as a reason for ending the practice. Similar unpopularity occurred when Russia adopted pDST from 2011 to 2014, eventually reverting to pST. Notably, 60% of countries follow pST (Figure 1<\/strong><\/a>).<\/p>\n\nFigure 1. Only 40% of countries use seasonal daylight saving time (in blue).<\/h3>\n<\/a><\/p>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>ADVOCACY IS NEEDED NOW<\/h2>\nThe Sunshine Protection Act, which proposes federal pDST, passed the US Senate in 2022 but failed to pass the House. It has subsequently been refiled in the Senate in 2023. pST is already federally approved, but we need a federal bill to ensure public health and safety by applying pST as a standard across the United States. Although a federal bill would be best to coordinate times nationally, state bills, even if dependent on passage of bills in neighboring states, are needed to show that people want pST, given that 19 states have already passed bills that would allow for pDST.<\/p>\nThe Society for Research in Biological Rhythms,4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Academy of Sleep Medicine,23<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Sleep Research Society,1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Medical Association,25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and American Academy of Neurology are some of the many medical and research societies that have endorsed pST.<\/p>\nWe urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
Teenagers and young adults are particularly susceptible to delayed clock times and are most likely to experience sleep loss and social jet lag with DST.4<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Additionally, early work or school start times and\/or chronic sleep loss result in greater risk of sleep disruption (Table 1<\/strong><\/a>)8<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and are more likely in minorities and people with lower socioeconomic status.21<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\nTable 1.<\/h3>\n\nFactors affecting sleep loss with 1-hour-later sunrises and sunsets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\nSocial Factors<\/th>\nAverage Daily Sleep Loss<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n\nEmployed adults<\/td>\n19\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts before 7\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n36\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nParents of children with school start time before 8\u00a0am<\/span><\/td>\n27\u2009minutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nWork starts after 8:30\u00a0am<\/span>\u00a0without children<\/td>\nNo loss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\nOne example of these disparities was found in a 10-year study of standardized college entrance exam scores comparing students who resided in parts of Indiana on pST vs seasonal DST.22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Lower average test scores were found in the DST locations and lowest-income students were disproportionately affected (49 points lower in students from households with lowest income compared to 8 points lower in highest-income households).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST HAS BEEN TRIED BEFORE AND QUICKLY BECOMES UNPOPULAR<\/h2>\nThe United States tried pDST twice before, most recently in 1974, which ended early because it was unpopular. The observation of increased deaths of school children at dark morning bus stops is cited as a reason for ending the practice. Similar unpopularity occurred when Russia adopted pDST from 2011 to 2014, eventually reverting to pST. Notably, 60% of countries follow pST (Figure 1<\/strong><\/a>).<\/p>\n\nFigure 1. Only 40% of countries use seasonal daylight saving time (in blue).<\/h3>\n<\/a><\/p>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>ADVOCACY IS NEEDED NOW<\/h2>\nThe Sunshine Protection Act, which proposes federal pDST, passed the US Senate in 2022 but failed to pass the House. It has subsequently been refiled in the Senate in 2023. pST is already federally approved, but we need a federal bill to ensure public health and safety by applying pST as a standard across the United States. Although a federal bill would be best to coordinate times nationally, state bills, even if dependent on passage of bills in neighboring states, are needed to show that people want pST, given that 19 states have already passed bills that would allow for pDST.<\/p>\nThe Society for Research in Biological Rhythms,4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Academy of Sleep Medicine,23<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Sleep Research Society,1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Medical Association,25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and American Academy of Neurology are some of the many medical and research societies that have endorsed pST.<\/p>\nWe urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
Factors affecting sleep loss with 1-hour-later sunrises and sunsets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
One example of these disparities was found in a 10-year study of standardized college entrance exam scores comparing students who resided in parts of Indiana on pST vs seasonal DST.22<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Lower average test scores were found in the DST locations and lowest-income students were disproportionately affected (49 points lower in students from households with lowest income compared to 8 points lower in highest-income households).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>pDST HAS BEEN TRIED BEFORE AND QUICKLY BECOMES UNPOPULAR<\/h2>\nThe United States tried pDST twice before, most recently in 1974, which ended early because it was unpopular. The observation of increased deaths of school children at dark morning bus stops is cited as a reason for ending the practice. Similar unpopularity occurred when Russia adopted pDST from 2011 to 2014, eventually reverting to pST. Notably, 60% of countries follow pST (Figure 1<\/strong><\/a>).<\/p>\n\nFigure 1. Only 40% of countries use seasonal daylight saving time (in blue).<\/h3>\n<\/a><\/p>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>ADVOCACY IS NEEDED NOW<\/h2>\nThe Sunshine Protection Act, which proposes federal pDST, passed the US Senate in 2022 but failed to pass the House. It has subsequently been refiled in the Senate in 2023. pST is already federally approved, but we need a federal bill to ensure public health and safety by applying pST as a standard across the United States. Although a federal bill would be best to coordinate times nationally, state bills, even if dependent on passage of bills in neighboring states, are needed to show that people want pST, given that 19 states have already passed bills that would allow for pDST.<\/p>\nThe Society for Research in Biological Rhythms,4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Academy of Sleep Medicine,23<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Sleep Research Society,1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Medical Association,25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and American Academy of Neurology are some of the many medical and research societies that have endorsed pST.<\/p>\nWe urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
The United States tried pDST twice before, most recently in 1974, which ended early because it was unpopular. The observation of increased deaths of school children at dark morning bus stops is cited as a reason for ending the practice. Similar unpopularity occurred when Russia adopted pDST from 2011 to 2014, eventually reverting to pST. Notably, 60% of countries follow pST (Figure 1<\/strong><\/a>).<\/p>\n\nFigure 1. Only 40% of countries use seasonal daylight saving time (in blue).<\/h3>\n<\/a><\/p>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>ADVOCACY IS NEEDED NOW<\/h2>\nThe Sunshine Protection Act, which proposes federal pDST, passed the US Senate in 2022 but failed to pass the House. It has subsequently been refiled in the Senate in 2023. pST is already federally approved, but we need a federal bill to ensure public health and safety by applying pST as a standard across the United States. Although a federal bill would be best to coordinate times nationally, state bills, even if dependent on passage of bills in neighboring states, are needed to show that people want pST, given that 19 states have already passed bills that would allow for pDST.<\/p>\nThe Society for Research in Biological Rhythms,4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Academy of Sleep Medicine,23<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Sleep Research Society,1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Medical Association,25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and American Academy of Neurology are some of the many medical and research societies that have endorsed pST.<\/p>\nWe urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
<\/a><\/p>\nOpen in a new tab<\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>ADVOCACY IS NEEDED NOW<\/h2>\nThe Sunshine Protection Act, which proposes federal pDST, passed the US Senate in 2022 but failed to pass the House. It has subsequently been refiled in the Senate in 2023. pST is already federally approved, but we need a federal bill to ensure public health and safety by applying pST as a standard across the United States. Although a federal bill would be best to coordinate times nationally, state bills, even if dependent on passage of bills in neighboring states, are needed to show that people want pST, given that 19 states have already passed bills that would allow for pDST.<\/p>\nThe Society for Research in Biological Rhythms,4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Academy of Sleep Medicine,23<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Sleep Research Society,1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Medical Association,25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and American Academy of Neurology are some of the many medical and research societies that have endorsed pST.<\/p>\nWe urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
The Sunshine Protection Act, which proposes federal pDST, passed the US Senate in 2022 but failed to pass the House. It has subsequently been refiled in the Senate in 2023. pST is already federally approved, but we need a federal bill to ensure public health and safety by applying pST as a standard across the United States. Although a federal bill would be best to coordinate times nationally, state bills, even if dependent on passage of bills in neighboring states, are needed to show that people want pST, given that 19 states have already passed bills that would allow for pDST.<\/p>\n
The Society for Research in Biological Rhythms,4<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Academy of Sleep Medicine,23<\/sup><\/a>,<\/sup>24<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Sleep Research Society,1<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0American Medical Association,25<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and American Academy of Neurology are some of the many medical and research societies that have endorsed pST.<\/p>\nWe urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
We urge you to take an active role in educating the public and advocating by contacting your national and local congresspeople to block pDST bills and file pST bills instead. You can contact your representatives using\u00a0https:\/\/aasm.org\/advocacy\/take-action\/<\/a>; for more information see\u00a0https:\/\/www.savestandardtime.com\/<\/a>\u00a0and the educational video series \u201cThe Science of Clock Change\u201d at\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SaveStandard<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\nCitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
Citation:<\/strong>\u00a0Krishnan V, Johnson KG. Debunking myths about daylight saving time: ten things everyone should know about the benefits of permanent standard time.\u00a0J Clin Sleep Med<\/em>. 2023;19(9):1573\u20131576.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT<\/h2>\nAll authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
All authors have seen and approved the manuscript. Dr. Johnson is vice president of Save Standard Time, a volunteer-run nonprofit supporting permanent standard time. The authors report no conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/a>REFERENCES<\/h2>\n\n\n1.<\/span>\u00a0Malow BA . It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement .\u00a0Sleep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 45 ( 12 ): zsac236 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n2.<\/span>\u00a0Johnson KG , Malow BA . Daylight saving time: neurological and neuropsychological implications .\u00a0Curr Sleep Med Rep.<\/em>\u00a02022. ; 8 ( 4 ): 86 \u2013 96 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n3.<\/span>\u00a0Hadlow NC , Brown S , Wardrop R , Henley D . The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 31 ( 2 ): 243 \u2013 251 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n4.<\/span>\u00a0Roenneberg T , Wirz-Justice A , Skene DJ , et al . Why should we abolish daylight saving time?\u00a0J Biol Rhythms.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 34 ( 3 ): 227 \u2013 230 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n5.<\/span>\u00a0Doleac JL , Sanders NJ . Under the cover of darkness: how ambient light influences criminal activity .\u00a0Rev Econ Stat.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 97 ( 5 ): 1093 \u2013 1103 .<\/cite>\u00a0[Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n6.<\/span>\u00a0Levandovski R , Dantas G , Fernandes LC , et al . Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population .\u00a0Chronobiol Int.<\/em>\u00a02011. ; 28 ( 9 ): 771 \u2013 778 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n7.<\/span>\u00a0Goodman A , Page AS , Cooper AR ; International Children\u2019s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators . Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries .\u00a0Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.<\/em>\u00a02014. ; 11 ( 1 ): 84 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n8.<\/span>\u00a0Giuntella O , Mazzonna F . Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders .\u00a0J Health Econ.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 65 : 210 \u2013 226 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n9.<\/span>\u00a0Gu F , Xu S , Devesa SS , et al . Longitude position in a time zone and cancer risk in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02017. ; 26 ( 8 ): 1306 \u2013 1311 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n10.<\/span>\u00a0VoPham T , Weaver MD , Vetter C , et al . Circadian misalignment and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States .\u00a0Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 27 ( 7 ): 719 \u2013 727 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n11.<\/span>\u00a0Cespedes Feliciano EM , Rifas-Shiman SL , Quante M , Redline S , Oken E , Taveras EM . Chronotype, social jet lag, and cardiometabolic risk factors in early adolescence .\u00a0JAMA Pediatr.<\/em>\u00a02019. ; 173 ( 11 ): 1049 \u2013 1057 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PMC free article<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n12.<\/span>\u00a0Reutrakul S , Van Cauter E . Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes .\u00a0Metabolism.<\/em>\u00a02018. ; 84 : 56 \u2013 66 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n13.<\/span>\u00a0Borisenkov MF , Petrova NB , Timonin VD , et al . Sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in 10-20-year-olds in northern European Russia .\u00a0J Sleep Res.<\/em>\u00a02015. ; 24 ( 3 ): 288 \u2013 295 .<\/cite>\u00a0[DOI<\/a>] [PubMed<\/a>] [Google Scholar<\/a>]<\/li>\n14.<\/span>\u00a0Terman M . Evolving applications of light therapy .\u00a0Sleep Med Rev.<\/em>\u00a02007. ; 11 ( 6 ): 497 \u2013 507 .<\/cite>\u00a0[
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