By Kevin Barrett
\nVT Foreign Policy<\/p>\n
From Laurent Guy\u00e9not\u2019s\u00a0From Yahweh to Zion<\/em><\/a>, Chapter Two (reproduced with permission of the publisher)<\/strong><\/p>\n \u201cYahweh\u2019s name is the Jealous One\u201d (Exodus 34:14).<\/strong>\u00a0The Torah emphasizes jealousy as his main personality trait, calling him\u00a0\u201cthe Jealous One\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0repeatedly\u00a0(Exodus 20:5, Deuteronomy 4:24, 5:9, and 6:15)<\/strong>. What Yahweh demands from his people above anything else, is the exclusivity of worship. But that is not all: he also demands that all his neighbors\u2019s shrines be utterly destroyed:\u00a0\u201ctear down their altars, smash their standing-stones, cut down their sacred poles and burn their idols\u201d (Deuteronomy 7:5).<\/strong>\u00a0Thus spoke Yahweh, otherwise known as\u00a0El Shaddai<\/em>,\u00a0\u201cthe destroyer god\u201d (Exodus 6:3).<\/strong><\/p>\n After the destruction of the Northern kingdom of Israel by Assyria, Yahwist priests and prophets who had sought refuge in Jerusalem held the Israelites responsible for their country\u2019s defeat: they\u00a0\u201cprovoked Yahweh\u2019s anger\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0by\u00a0\u201csacrificing on all the high places like the nations which Yahweh had expelled for them,\u201d and by \u201cserving idols\u201d (2Kings 17:11-12).<\/strong>\u00a0Israel\u2019s divine election had now passed to the smaller kingdom of Judah, whose survival now depends on respecting the exclusivity of Yahweh\u2019s cult and of Jerusalem\u2019s Temple, and on destroying any trace of rival cults and holy places.<\/p>\n The second Book of Kings judges David\u2019s heirs on the unique criterion of obedience to that precept\u2026<\/p>\n \u2026To understand how this biblical monotheism came about, it is necessary to know that in the oldest strata of the Bible, Yahweh is a national, ethnic god, not the supreme God of the Universe. The Israelites revered Yahweh as the Assyrians worshiped their god Ashur and credited him with their military victories: \u00a0\u201cFor all peoples go forward, each in the name of its god (elohim<\/i>), while we go forward in the name of Yahweh our God for ever and ever\u201d (Micah 4:5). \u201cI am the god of your ancestors, the god of Abraham, the god of Isaac and the god of Jacob,\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0Yahweh says to Moses\u00a0(Exodus 3:6)<\/strong>. Then Yahweh mandates Moses to say to his people:\u00a0\u201cYahweh, the god of your ancestors, has appeared to me,\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0and to urge them to talk to Pharaoh in the name of\u00a0\u201cYahweh, the god of the Hebrews\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0(3:16-18)<\/strong>\u2026.<\/p>\n \u2026Yahweh\u2019s superiority over other gods presupposes the existence of these other gods. One story in particular deserves to be mentioned here: After the Philistines had captured the ark of the defeated Israelites, they\u00a0\u201cput it in the temple of Dagon, setting it down beside Dagon\u201d (1Samuel 5:2).<\/strong>\u00a0The next day, they found the broken statue of Dagon. Yahweh then afflicted the inhabitants of two Philistine cities, Ashdod and Gat, with a proliferation of rats and an epidemic of tumors\u2026<\/p>\n \u2026It was only during the Babylonian exile that Yahweh, deprived of the temple where he had previously sat between two cherubim, began to claim to have created the universe himself. After banning all trade with other gods and declaring Yahweh more powerful than they, the Yahwist priests and prophets would claim that these other gods simply did not exist. And if Yahweh was the only real god, then he must have been the creator and master of the universe. The exterminating fury of the deicide god thus reached its logical conclusion\u2026<\/p>\n \u2026Rather than reaching philosophically the notion of the unity of all gods under a universal Godhead, the Yahwists pursued the outright negation of other gods and the extermination of their priests. In this process, theology and anthropology are inseparable: it is insofar as the national god of the Jews managed to establish himself as the \u201cone God\u201d of humanity that the Jewish people would be able to style themselves as the \u201cchosen people.\u201d<\/p>\n It is the chronic jealousy of Yahweh, not just his misogyny, on which the xenophobia of biblical Israel is founded. We have seen that the ancient peoples always ensured that their gods were compatible or in good terms, making cultural and economic relations possible.<\/p>\n The authors of Deuteronomy were aware of the widespread idea that national gods were all under the authority of the Supreme Creator. But they altered it in typical fashion:\u00a0\u201cWhen the Most High (Elyown<\/em>) gave the nations each their heritage, when he partitioned out the human race, he assigned the boundaries of nations according to the number of the children of God, but Yahweh\u2019s portion was his people, Jacob was to be the measure of his inheritance\u201d (32:8-9)<\/strong>. In other words, among all nations, the very Father of humankind has picked one for himself, leaving the others under the care of lesser gods (angelic powers, for such is here the accepted meaning of \u201cchildren of God\u201d). That is the ultimate source of Jewish pride:\u00a0\u201cOf all the peoples on earth, you have been chosen by Yahweh your God to be his own people\u201d (7:6).<\/strong>\u00a0And this people of his, Yahweh naturally wants to\u00a0\u201craise higher than every other nation in the world\u201d (28:1).<\/strong>\u00a0Although he implicitly admits being the Father of all other national gods, he feels for them only a murderous hatred.<\/p>\n The essence of monotheistic Yahwism, which is a secondary development of tribalist Yahwism, is the exclusive alliance between the universal Creator and a peculiar people\u2026\u00a0Its specificity is less in the affirmation of a unique God as in the affirmation of a unique people. The one God is the side of the coin shown to the Goy to remind him his debt to the \u201cinventors of monotheism\u201d; but the other side, the concept of chosen people, is what binds the Jewish community together, so that one can give up God without abandoning the exceptionality of the Jewish people.<\/p>\n And so, even while claiming to be the Creator of the universe and humanity, Yahweh remains a national, chauvinist god; that is the basis for the dissonance between tribalism and universalism which has brought up the \u201cJewish question\u201d throughout the ages. In fact, the Jewish conception of Yahweh parallels the historical process, for in the development of Yahwism, it is not the Creator of the Universe who became the god of Israel, but rather the god of Israel who became the Creator of the Universe. And so for the Jews, Yahweh is primarily the god of Jews, and secondarily the Creator of the Universe; whereas Christians, deceived by the biblical narrative, see things the other way round.<\/p>\n Having chosen for himself a single tribe among all the peoples, using unknown criteria, Yahweh plans on making of them not a guide, but a bane for the rest of humanity:\u00a0\u201cToday and henceforth, I shall fill the peoples under all heavens with fear and terror of you; whoever hears word of your approach will tremble and writhe in anguish because of you\u201d(Deuteronomy 2:25).<\/strong>\u00a0The biblical stories are there to dramatize the message. Let us mention a few, taken from the cycles of Jacob, Moses, and David, all carrying the same trademark.<\/p>\n Sheshem, the son of Hamor, king of the Canaanite town of Sheshem,\u00a0\u201cfell in love with [Jacob\u2019s daughter Dinah] and tried to win her heart,\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0then\u00a0\u201cseized her and forced her to sleep with him.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0Jacob\u2019s sons\u00a0\u201cwere outraged and infuriated that Shechem had insulted Israel by sleeping with Jacob\u2019s daughter\u2014a thing totally unacceptable. Hamor reasoned with them as follows, \u2018My son Shechem\u2019s heart is set on your daughter. Please allow her to marry him. Intermarry with us; give us your daughters and take our daughters for yourselves. We can live together, and the country\u00a0will<\/a>\u00a0be open to you, for you to live in, and move about in, and acquire holdings.\u2019 Then Shechem addressed the girl\u2019s father and brothers, \u2018Grant me this favour, and I\u00a0will<\/a>\u00a0give you whatever you ask. Demand as high a bride-price from me as you please, and I\u00a0will<\/a>\u00a0pay as much as you ask. Only let me marry the girl.\u2019\u201d Jacob\u2019s sons then \u201cgave Shechem and his father Hamor a crafty answer,\u201d demanding that \u201cyou become like us by circumcising all your males. Then we\u00a0will<\/a>\u00a0give you our daughters, taking yours for ourselves; and we\u00a0will<\/a>\u00a0stay with you to make one nation.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0Hamor, trusting the good intentions of Jacob\u2019s tribe, convinced all his male subjects to be circumcised.\u00a0\u201cNow on the third day, when the men were still in pain, Jacob\u2019s two sons\u00a0Simeon<\/a>\u00a0and Levi, Dinah\u2019s brothers, each took his sword and advanced unopposed against the town and slaughtered all the males. They killed Hamor and his son Shechem with the sword, removed Dinah from Shechem\u2019s house and came away. When Jacob\u2019s other sons came on the slain, they pillaged the town in reprisal for the dishonouring of their sister. They seized their flocks, cattle, donkeys, everything else in the town and in the countryside, and all their possessions. They took all their\u00a0children<\/a>\u00a0and wives captive and looted everything to be found in the houses\u201d (Genesis 34:1-29).<\/strong><\/p>\n Second example: In Moses\u2019 time, when the kings of Heshbon and Bashan wanted to prevent the Hebrews from entering their territory, the Hebrews\u00a0\u201ccaptured all his towns and laid all these towns under the curse of destruction: men, women and children, we left no survivors except the livestock which we took as our booty, and the spoils of the captured towns\u201d (Deuteronomy 2:34-35).<\/strong><\/p>\n It is nothing compared to what King David did to the people of Rabba, after having sacked their town and\u00a0\u201ccarried off great quantities of booty\u201d<\/strong>:\u00a0\u201cAnd he brought forth the people that were therein, and put them under saws, and under harrows of iron, and under axes of iron, and made them pass through the brickkiln: and thus did he unto all the cities of the children of Ammon. And David and all the people returned unto Jerusalem\u201d (2Samuel 12:31).<\/strong>\u00a0The episode is repeated in\u00a01Chronicles 20:3: \u201cAnd he brought forth the people that were therein, and cut them with saws, and with harrows of iron, and with axes. Even so dealt David with all the cities of the children of Ammon.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0 I have quoted here from the King James Revised Version. Significantly, this episode has been fraudulently retranslated after 1946. We now read in the Revised Standard Version:\u00a0\u201cAnd he brought forth the people who were in it, and set them to labor with saws and iron picks and iron axes, and made them toil at the brickkilns.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0And in the Catholic New Jerusalem Bible:\u00a0\u201cAnd he expelled its inhabitants, setting them to work with saws, iron picks and iron axes, employing them at brickmaking.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0This new rendering makes the story politically correct, but highly improbable, since iron tools were never needed to make bricks\u2014certainly not axes, picks and saws\u2014but made deadly weapons that no victor in his right mind would distribute to the men he has just vanquished.<\/p>\n The war code established by Yahweh makes a distinction between the cities outside and those within the territory given to his people: in the first, \u201cyou will put the whole male population to the sword. But the women, children, livestock and whatever the town contains by way of spoil, you may take for yourselves as booty. You will feed on the spoils of the enemies whom Yahweh your God has handed over to you.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0In the nearby towns, on the other hand,\u00a0\u201cyou must not spare the life of any living thing,\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0men and women, young and old, children and babies, and even livestock,\u00a0\u201cso that they may not teach you to do all the detestable things which they do to honour their gods\u201d (Deuteronomy 20:13-18)<\/strong>. So, in Jericho,\u00a0\u201cThey enforced the curse of destruction on everyone in the city: men and women, young and old, including the oxen, the sheep and the donkeys, slaughtering them all\u201d (Joshua 6:21)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n The city of Ai met the same fate: its inhabitants were all slaughtered, twelve thousand of them,\u00a0\u201cuntil not one was left alive and none to flee. [\u2026] When Israel had finished killing all the inhabitants of Ai in the open ground, and in the desert where they had pursued them, and when every single one had fallen to the sword, all Israel returned to Ai and slaughtered its remaining population\u201d (8:22-25).<\/strong>\u00a0Women were not spared, and\u00a0\u201cFor booty, Israel took only the cattle and the spoils of this town\u201d (8:27).<\/strong>\u00a0In the whole land, Joshua\u00a0\u201cleft not one survivor and put every living thing under the curse of destruction, as Yahweh, god of Israel, had commanded\u201d (10:40).<\/strong><\/p>\n Same program for the nomadic tribe of the Amalekites, the first enemy the Hebrews faced during the Exodus from Egypt and Canaan. In a cynically paradoxical formulation, Yahweh asked Moses:\u00a0\u201cWrite this down in a book to commemorate it, and repeat it over to Joshua, for I shall blot out all memory of Amalek under heaven\u201d (Exodus 17:14).<\/strong>\u00a0The idea is repeated in\u00a0Deuteronomy 25:19: \u201cWhen Yahweh your God has granted you peace from all the enemies surrounding you, in the country given you by Yahweh your God to own as your heritage, you must blot out the memory of Amalek under heaven. Do not forget.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0The mission fell to Saul in\u00a01Samuel\u00a015: \u201cI intend to punish what Amalek did to Israel\u2014laying a trap for him on the way as he was coming up from Egypt. Now, go and crush Amalek; put him under the curse of destruction with all that he possesses. Do not spare him, but kill man and woman, babe and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and donkey.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0Thus spoke Yahweh Sabaot, the divinely spiteful, by way of the prophet Samuel. Since Saul spared King Agag\u00a0\u201cwith the best of the sheep and cattle, the fatlings and lambs,\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0Yahweh repudiates him:\u00a0\u201cI regret having made Saul king, since he has broken his allegiance to me and not carried out my orders.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0Yahweh withdrew Saul\u2019s kingship and Samuel\u00a0\u201cbutchered\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0Agag (\u201chewed Agag in pieces,\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0Revised Standared Version<\/em>, faithfully translating the Hebrew verb\u00a0shsf<\/em>). Despite this theoretically perfect biblical genocide, the Jews never ceased to identify their enemies with Amalekites. Flavius Josephus, writing for the Romans, recognizes them in the Arabs of Idumea. Later, Amalek came to be associated, like his grandfather Esau, with Rome and therefore, from the fourth century onwards, with Christianity. The \u201cbad guy\u201d of the Book of Esther, Haman, is referred to repeatedly as an Agagite, that is, a descendant of the Amalekite king Agag. That is why the hanging of Haman and his ten sons and the massacre of 75,000 Persians are often conflated in Jewish tradition with the extermination of the Amalekites and brutal execution of their king. The Torah reading on the morning of Purim is taken from the account of the battle against the Amalekites, which ends by the conclusion that\u00a0\u201cYahweh will be at war with Amalek generation after generation\u201d (Exodus 17:16)<\/strong>[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n When the people, under Moses\u2019s guidance, settled temporarily in the country of Moab (or Midian) in Transjordania, some married Moabite (Midianite) women, who\u00a0\u201cinvited them to the sacrifices of their gods\u201d (Numbers 25:2).<\/strong>\u00a0Such abomination required\u00a0\u201cthe vengeance of Yahweh on Midian.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0And so, instructed by Yahweh as always, Moses formed an army and ordered them to\u00a0\u201cput every [Midianite] male to death.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0However, the soldiers were guilty of taking\u00a0\u201cthe Midianite women and their little ones captive,\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0instead of slaughtering them. Moses\u00a0\u201cwas enraged with the officers of the army\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0and rebuked them:\u00a0\u00a0\u201cWhy have you spared the life of all the women? They were the very ones who [\u2026] caused the Israelites to be unfaithful to Yahweh. [\u2026] So kill all the male children and kill all the women who have ever slept with a man; but spare the lives of the young girls who have never slept with a man, and keep them for yourselves.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0At the end of the day,\u00a0\u201cThe spoils, the remainder of the booty captured by the soldiers, came to six hundred and seventy-five thousand sheep and goats, seventy-two thousand head of cattle, sixty-one thousand donkeys, and in persons, women who had never slept with a man, thirty-two thousand in all,\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0not to mention\u00a0\u201cgold, silver, bronze, iron, tin and lead\u201d (Numbers 31:3-31).<\/strong><\/p>\n And we would be in error if we believed that the message of the prophets, most of whom were priests, softens the violence of the historical books:\u00a0\u201cFor this is the Day of Lord Yahweh Sabaoth, a day of vengeance when he takes revenge on his foes: the sword will devour until gorged, until drunk with their blood,\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0forsees Jeremiah as reprisals against Babylon. For Yahweh promises through him\u00a0\u201can end of all the nations where I have driven you,\u201d which includes Egypt (Jeremiah 46:10-28).<\/strong>\u00a0\u201cYahweh\u2019s sword is gorged with blood, it is greasy with fat,\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0says Isaiah, on the occasion of\u00a0\u201ca great slaughter in the land of Edom\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0(Isaiah 34:6)<\/strong>. Zechariah prophecies that Yahweh will fight\u00a0\u201call the nations\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0allied against Israel. In a single day, the whole earth will become a desert, with the exception of Jerusalem, which will\u00a0\u201cstand high in her place.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0Zechariah seems to have envisioned what God could do with nuclear weapons:\u00a0\u201cAnd this is the plague with which Yahweh will strike all the nations who have fought against Jerusalem; their flesh will rot while they are still standing on their feet; their eyes will rot in their sockets; their tongues will rot in their mouths.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0It is only after the carnage that the world will finally find peace, providing they worship Yahweh; then\u00a0\u201cthe wealth of all the surrounding nations will be heaped together: gold, silver, clothing, in vast quantity. [\u2026] After this, all the survivors of all the nations which have attacked Jerusalem will come up year after year to worship the King, Yahweh Sabaoth, and to keep the feast of Shelters. Should one of the races of the world fail to come up to Jerusalem to worship the King, Yahweh Sabaoth, there will be no rain for that one\u201d (Zechariah 14).<\/strong>\u00a0The prophetic dream of Israel\u2014nightmare of the nations\u2014is very clearly a supremacist and imperial project. There is indeed, in Isaiah, the hope of world peace, when the peoples of the earth\u00a0\u201cwill hammer their swords into ploughshares and their spears into sickles. Nation will not lift sword against nation, no longer will they learn how to make war\u201d (Isaiah 2:4).<\/strong>\u00a0But that day will only come when all nations pay homage to Zion. In those glorious days, says Yahweh to his people in the Second Isaiah, kings\u00a0\u201cwill fall prostrate before you, faces to the ground, and lick the dust at your feet,\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0whereas Israel\u2019s oppressors will\u00a0\u201ceat their own flesh [and] will be as drunk on their own blood\u201d (49:23-26); \u201cFor the nation and kingdom that will not serve you will perish, and the nations will be utterly destroyed\u201d (60:12); \u201cStrangers will come forward to feed your flocks, foreigners be your ploughmen and vinedressers; but you will be called \u2018priests of Yahweh\u2019 and be addressed as \u2018ministers of our God.\u2019 You will feed on the wealth of nations, you will supplant them in their glory\u201d (61:5-6); \u201cYou will suck the milk of nations, you will suck the wealth of kings\u201d (60:16).<\/strong><\/p>\n Certainly all these past and future genocides perpetrated in the name of Yahweh are imaginary, but the psychological effect produced by their accumulation ad nauseum on the chosen people is not, especially since some are commemorated ritually. It is to celebrate the massacre of seventy-five thousand Persians slaughtered by the Jews in one day that Mordecai, the secondary hero of the Book of Esther,\u00a0\u201ca man held in respect among the Jews, esteemed by thousands of his brothers, a man who sought the good of his people and cared for the welfare of his entire race\u201d (10:3)<\/strong>, establishes Purim, a month before Easter. Emmanuel Levinas would have us believe that \u201cJewish consciousness, formed precisely through contact with this moral hardness, has learned the absolute horror of blood.\u201d[2]<\/a>\u00a0It\u2019s a bit like claiming that the virtual violence of video games will eventually make our children less violent. Was it not on the day of Purim, February 25th<\/sup>, 1994, that Baruch Goldstein massacred with a submachine gun twenty-nine pious Muslims at the tomb of Abraham? Has his grave not become a place of pilgrimage for Orthodox Jews?[3]<\/a><\/p>\n \u201cFeeding on the wealth of the nations\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0is the destiny of the Jewish nation, says the prophet\u00a0(Isaiah 61:6)<\/strong>. It is also the way it was first created, for plundering is the essence of the Conquest of Canaan, according to\u00a0Deuteronomy\u00a06:10-12: \u201cWhen Yahweh has brought you into the country which he swore to your ancestors Abraham, Isaac and Jacob that he would give you, with great and prosperous cities you have not built, with houses full of good things you have not provided, with wells you have not dug, with vineyards and olive trees you have not planted, and then, when you have eaten as much as you want, be careful you do not forget Yahweh who has brought you out of Egypt, out of the place of slave-labour.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n Gentiles, Canaanites or other, are no different from their belongings in Yahweh\u2019s eyes, and can therefore become the property of Hebrews.\u00a0\u201cThe male and female slaves you have will come from the nations around you; from these you may purchase male and female slaves. As slaves, you may also purchase the children of aliens resident among you, and also members of their families living with you who have been born on your soil; and they will become your property, and you may leave them as a legacy to your sons after you as their perpetual possession. These you may have for slaves; but you will not oppress your brother-Israelites\u201d (Leviticus 25:44-46).<\/strong>\u00a0Note that, from the historian\u2019s point of view, the prohibition proves the practice (there is no need to legislate on something that doesn\u2019t exist), and the story of Joseph is here to illustrate that a Jew sold as slave by other Jews was not inconceivable.<\/p>\n While waiting for the fulfilment of their imperial destiny, the chosen people can, even more effectively, exercise their incomparable mastery of monetary mechanisms. One of the revolutionary contributions of biblical religion in the world is the transformation of money from a means of exchange to a means of power and even war. In every civilization that has reached the stage of monetary trade, lending at interest, which makes money a commodity in itself, was seen as a moral perversion and a social danger. Aristotle condemns usury in his\u00a0Politics<\/em>\u00a0as the \u201cmost unnatural\u201d activity because it gives money the ability to produce itself out of nothing, and thereby take on a quasi-spiritual, supernatural character. Around the same time, Deuteronomy prohibited the practice, but only between Jews: \u201cYou may demand interest on a loan to a foreigner, but you must not demand interest from your brother\u201d (23:21).<\/strong>[4]<\/a>\u00a0During the Jubilee, every seven years, any creditor must remit his Jewish neighbor\u2019s debt. But not the stranger\u2019s:\u00a0\u201cA foreigner you may exploit, but you must remit whatever claim you have on your brother\u201d (15:3).<\/strong>\u00a0As far as we know, the Yahwist priests were the first to conceive of enslaving entire nations through debt:\u00a0\u201cIf Yahweh your God blesses you as he has promised, you will be creditors to many nations but debtors to none; you will rule over many nations, and be ruled by none\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0(15:6).<\/p>\n [1]<\/a>\u00a0Elliott Horowitz,\u00a0Reckless Rites: Purim and the Legacy of Jewish Violence,\u00a0<\/em>Princeton University Press, 2006, p.\u00a0122-125, 4.<\/p>\n [2]<\/a>\u00a0Emmanuel Levinas,\u00a0Difficile Libert\u00e9,\u00a0<\/em>quoted in Herv\u00e9 Ryssen,\u00a0Les Esp\u00e9rances plan\u00e9tariennes,\u00a0<\/em>\u00c9ditions Baskerville, 2005, p.\u00a0308.<\/p>\n [3]<\/a>\u00a0Herv\u00e9 Ryssen,\u00a0Les Esp\u00e9rances plan\u00e9tariennes, op. cit.<\/em>, p.\u00a0301.<\/p>\nJealousy and Narcissistic Hubris<\/h3>\n
<\/a><\/a><\/a>The Plunder of the Nations<\/h1>\n